che_june-2024 - 34

FIGURE 3. The temperature gradient inside the stem of the device is influenced
by the size and location of the sensor
FIGURE 4. The length of the thermometer installation can have a big influence
on the measured temperature value
Energy flow in the thermometer
An industrial process thermometer
made from stainless steel also establishes
a metallic energy connection
between the temperature of the
media and the ambient temperature.
As with an electrical circuit, energy
flows via the heat conductor if there
is a difference in temperature. The
voltage decreases across a resistance
and the temperature changes
along the thermometer. This also
leads to a temperature gradient between
the inside and the outside
within the thermometer structure itself.
In an simplified representation,
this temperature curve can be presented
by a series of straight lines.
Its gradient in relation to the position
in the thermometer depends on the
thermal conductivity of the material
mix and on the ability to conduct
heat via convection to the environment.
Large flanges or screw connections
therefore lead to a steeper
profile since more energy flows out.
However, when assessing the
measuring accuracy, it is the temperature
curve within the process that is
particularly relevant, that is, the area
where the thermowell is immersed
in the medium. Figure 2 shows that
the temperature in the thermometer
34
increases from the
starting level at the
process connection
towards the tip of
the thermowell.
(Note: The example
in this article
describes the
case in which the
process medium is
hotter than the ambient
temperature,
that is, heat energy
is withdrawn from
the process and
transferred to the
environment. In the
case of cold media,
energy flows from
the outside into
the process. All the
rules apply here as
well, but with the
signs inverted: all
installation-related
errors in cryogenic

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che_june-2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of che_june-2024

che_june-2024 - Intro
che_june-2024 - Cover1
che_june-2024 - Cover2
che_june-2024 - 1
che_june-2024 - 2
che_june-2024 - 3
che_june-2024 - 4
che_june-2024 - 5
che_june-2024 - 6
che_june-2024 - 7
che_june-2024 - 8
che_june-2024 - 9
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che_june-2024 - Cover3
che_june-2024 - Cover4
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