che_may-2024 - 25
Waste Heat Boiler
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FIGURE 6. This diagram compares the structures of gel-type and macroporous
IEX resins, as observed by SEM imaging
been proposed and implemented to reduce CO2
emissions from point sources.
Hydrophobic interactions
Additionally, IEX resins can even bind uncharged
molecules by adsorption. This is due to weak polar
interactions and can, for example, be employed to
separate micro-pollutants containing aromatic rings,
such as active pharmaceutical ingredients, pesticides
or non-ionic detergents (Figure 3) during municipal
wastewater treatment [19-21]. The IEX resin is more
efficient than activated carbon with high loading capacity,
high mechanical stability and exhibits fast exchange
kinetics, which allows the use of small, compact
filters instead of large columns.
Cooperative binding situations can also occur. In
such cases, a substrate molecule is simultaneously
bound to the IEX resin by means of ionic and hydrophobic
interactions (Figure 4). Such a behavior is observed
during removal of long-chain PFAS (per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances), for example, perfluorononanoic
acid (PFNA) from wastewater. PFAS molecules
usually consist of a polar " head " (carboxylic
acid) and a nonpolar " tail " (per- or polyfluorinated carbon
chain). While the former is bound to the IEX resin
via Coulombic attraction, the latter establishes weak
interactions with aromatic π-electron systems of the
polystyrene backbone of the resin.
Selection parameters for resins
Even if there are many characteristics that determine
which resin is best suited for a particular application,
some basic parameters will be discussed here due to
their general importance, namely uniformity, morphology,
bead size and the life-cycle sequence.
Uniformity. For more than four decades now, specialized
polymerization processes are available for
the production of resins of uniform particle size
(monodispersed resins) [22]. These resins offer significant
advantages over heterodispersed products,
including the following:
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che_may-2024
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of che_may-2024
che_may-2024 - Intro
che_may-2024 - Belly1
che_may-2024 - Belly2
che_may-2024 - Cover1
che_may-2024 - Cover2
che_may-2024 - 1
che_may-2024 - 2
che_may-2024 - 3
che_may-2024 - 4
che_may-2024 - 5
che_may-2024 - 6
che_may-2024 - 7
che_may-2024 - 8
che_may-2024 - 9
che_may-2024 - 10
che_may-2024 - 11
che_may-2024 - 12
che_may-2024 - 13
che_may-2024 - 14
che_may-2024 - 15
che_may-2024 - 16
che_may-2024 - 17
che_may-2024 - 18
che_may-2024 - 19
che_may-2024 - 20
che_may-2024 - 21
che_may-2024 - 22
che_may-2024 - 23
che_may-2024 - 24
che_may-2024 - 25
che_may-2024 - 26
che_may-2024 - 27
che_may-2024 - 28
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che_may-2024 - 37
che_may-2024 - 38
che_may-2024 - 39
che_may-2024 - 40
che_may-2024 - 41
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che_may-2024 - 58
che_may-2024 - 59
che_may-2024 - 60
che_may-2024 - Cover3
che_may-2024 - Cover4
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