Chemical Engineering April 2012 - 44

Feature Report
propriate sampling tools to minimize
the errors identified in the previous
section. Correct sampling practices include
the following:
* Taking many samples at regular or
random time intervals (>30 samples),
and sub-dividing into smaller
samples for analysis to minimize
grouping and segregation error (GE)
* Using correctly designed sampling
tools to minimize delimination and
extraction errors (DE and EE).
* Using common sense and diligence
to minimize sample preparation and
analysis errors (avoid particle settling,
agglomeration, dissolution,
and swelling) (PE)
In this section, we will introduce sampling
equipment designed to sample
from various solids systems including
static bulk materials, gravity flow systems,
mechanical conveying systems,
pneumatic conveying systems, solidsprocessing
unit operations and slurry
systems. The sampling techniques in
different systems are discussed and
recommendations for proper sampling
are provided.
Sampling process overview
There are usually several stages in
particulate matter sampling, and it
is of paramount importance to maintain
the integrity of the sample until
the analysis is carried out. Figure 2
takes us through the stages of a sampling
process. Several increments are
taken from the bulk lot using properly
designed sampling equipment as outlined
in the next section. The gross
sample may be too large to be sent
to the laboratory, and may need to be
reduced to a more practical weight.
Depending on the measurement technique,
and the amount of sample required
by the instrument sample delivery
system, the laboratory sample
may need to be further sub-divided to
the test sample to be used in its entirety
by the instrument. Even at the
laboratory-sample level, which is the
last step before analysis, the common
practice of simply scooping material
out of the container is likely to introduce
bias. The overall goal of any
sampling procedure is simple: it is to
obtain a sample with a total sampling
error similar to that expected from the

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Chemical Engineering April 2012

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering April 2012

Contents
Chemical Engineering April 2012 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering April 2012 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering April 2012 - Contents
Chemical Engineering April 2012 - 2
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