Chemical Engineering August 2010 - 35

100m
Autospectrum (Signal 4) - Mark 1
Working: ODS_1: Input: FFT analyzer
10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
60m
70m
80m
90m
0 40
80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
100m
10m
30m
100u
300u
1m
3m
30u
10u
0 40
80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
Hz
FIGURE 2. The scale of the vibration amplitude can be depicted either linearly (top
graph) or logarithmically (bottom graph). Logarithmic scales often amplify broadband
loor-noise to indicate key information for troubleshooting
be measured and recorded. With a fundamental
understanding of vibration
theory, these data can be used to characterize
the " health " of the equipment,
and can help suggest which corrective
actions should be instituted.
Vibration fundamentals
In general, any mass with elasticity
is capable of vibrating. Vibration can
be classified as either free or forced
vibration. Free vibration occurs when
a system oscillates freely after a previously
applied excitation, while forced
vibration occurs when external forces
excite the system. When the frequency
of the external force coincides with the
natural frequency of the system, resonance
results. Resonance causes the
system to vibrate with elevated amplitude,
and should therefore be avoided.
Measuring machine vibration
Whether performing vibration measurements
for routine condition monitoring
or for specialized troubleshooting,
the instrumentation required to
collect the data depends on the application,
the location and the purpose.
For example, eddy-current proximity
probes are used to measure shaft vibration
in terms of the displacement
response relative to the bearing housing,
and provide data in units of mils
(0.001 in.) or microns (μm). Velocity
sensors are used to measure vibration
in terms of the velocity response in
units of inches per second or millimeters
per second.
To measure vibration on the equipment
bearing housings and casings,
piezoelectric accelerometers typically
are used. These transducers measure
absolute vibration in terms of the acceleration
response, often in units of g (average
acceleration due to Earth's gravity).
They can cover a wide frequency
range, typically in excess of 10 kHz,
and have resonant frequencies on the
order of 50 kHz. Modern accelerometers
are designed to reliably measure lowfrequency
vibration response down to 1
Hz, and in special cases, below 1 Hz.
When calculating the vibration response
in terms of velocity or displacement,
however, the measured acceleraWorking:
ODS_1: Input: FFT analyzer
Hz
Autospectrum (Signal 4) - Mark 1
tion should be integrated cautiously.
Because each vibration peak is divided
by its frequency in this process, integration
errors could occur at low frequency

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Chemical Engineering August 2010

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering August 2010

Contents
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - Contents
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - 2
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - 3
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - 4
Chemical Engineering August 2010 - 5
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