Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 27

heat became familiar tools that both
researchers and engineers successfully
controlled to produce chemicals
at industrial scale.
Mechanochemistry was largely
ignored by the industry. Lea lacked
the protégés and collaborators who
could have integrated his insights
into industrial-scale production. New
chemical plants were designed by
chemical engineers trained by solvent
chemists working in universitybased
education programs.
Renewed interest
During the 20th century, chemists
harnessed solvents and heat to develop
the broad range of chemicals
that form the foundation of today's
material world. But they worked in
a time when heat was cheap and
disposing of toxic solvents was often
cheap, too, and environmental
consequences were not fully appreciated.
By the time Lea died in 1897,
the course of chemistry had been
set, and mechanochemistry, the
brainchild of a dedicated but solitary
chemist, was left in its wake.
Now, however, there are examples
of modern researchers and engineers
working to better understand,
and use, chemical reactions under
mechanical forces, harkening back
to Lea's initial work in the 1890s. For
example, metallurgists have used the
forces present in ball milling for decades
to get nickel to accept oxide
particles that were rejected during
melting. These strengthened alloys
can withstand extreme temperatures.
In other cases, mechanochemists
hope to replace solvent-based production
with mechanical processes
that require less energy and produce
less waste. Chemists in Europe have
used an extrusion process consisting
of intermeshing screws that grind together
reactants to replace heat and
solvents in the producing well-known
muscle relaxants and antibiotics.
Although mechanochemistry was a
path not taken in the 20th century, and
remains largely experimental, it may
be a vision of the future.
n
Edited by Scott Jenkins
Clay Cansler is the Science History Institute's (SHI; Philadelphia,Pa.;
www.sciencehistory.org) editorial director. Roger Turner is the curator
of instruments and artifacts in the SHI's museum.
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Chemical Engineering December 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering December 2022

Chemical Engineering December 2022 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 1
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 2
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 3
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 4
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Chemical Engineering December 2022 - 6
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Chemical Engineering December 2022 - Cover3
Chemical Engineering December 2022 - Cover4
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