Chemical Engineering January 2020 - 44

Line
Tube Fittings
TABLE 4. EQUIVALENT LENGTHS
Fitting
45 deg tubing bend
90 deg tubing bend
90 deg elbow
Tee - branch
45 deg elbow
90 deg elbow
Pipe Fittings
Tee - run
Tee - branch
15
20
60
60
16
30
20
60
* Multiply by the line diameter (m) to get the equivalent length (m)
Source: " Industrial Sampling Systems " [1]
equivalent length of each tube bend
or fitting.
For example, ½-in. tube has a
bore of about 10 mm, and a 90-deg
tubing elbow has an L/D ratio of 60.
Therefore, each elbow tube fitting
adds an extra 0.6 m to the length of
the line (0.01 m × 60 = 0.6 m).
Add those figures to the actual line
length, and use the total value for L
in the Darcy equation to calculate
the pressure drop. If you don't have
enough ΔP, you may need to reduce
the number of bends.
L/D*
Sound designs
Mastering the art of
manipulating numerous
variables and
understanding the effect
of flowrate, velocity,
density, viscosity,
pressure drop, friction,
components, and
sample line sizes will
help you achieve sophisticated
samplingsystem
designs that
provide timely and efficient
analyses. But there's more
to consider.
Even seemingly trivial details can
impact the performance of the system,
such as where to locate the tap
for the sampling system; how to orient
the tap nozzle; whether to use a
probe and, if so, what style probe
and how to orient it; if the system
uses filters; and numerous other
variables. Although not addressed
above, these variables should also
be considered in your design.
When designing your sampling
system,
above
all
else, recognize
that you'll need to be patient.
Achieving a proper design takes
time. But the rewards of accurate,
efficient analysis will certainly pay off
for years to come.
n
Edited by Gerald Ondrey
Reference
1. This article was adapted from: Waters, Tony, " Industrial
Sampling Systems: Reliable Design and Maintenance for
Process Analyzers, " Swagelok Company, 2013. For more
information, go to www.industrial-sampling-systems.com.
Author
Randy Rieken is market manager
for chemical and refining at
Swagelok Company (29,500
Solon Road, Solon, Ohio 44139;
Phone: 1-440-248-4600; Email:
randy.rieken@swagelok.com). He
is responsible for the development
and
implementation
of
chemical and refining marketdriven
strategies. Rieken joined
Swagelok in November 2014 and has over 25 years of
global business development experience providing engineered
fluid-control components, subsystems, and
instrumentation solutions for the most critical applications
in the oil-and-gas, chemical, semiconductor,
power, and life sciences markets.
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44
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Chemical Engineering January 2020

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