Chemical Engineering June 2018 - 51

Cover Story
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300
FIGURE 5. The emission spectrum
of a medium-pressure
mercury arc lamp is shown
in blue. A light-emitting diode
(red curve) emits quasi-monochromatically,
here at 365 nm
(ultraviolet)
350
Wavelength [nm]
and homogeneous pumping efficiency
with frequent renewal of the fluid in the irradiated
zones
FIGURE 6. Medium-pressure
Hg-arcs are available with different
electrical power ratings
(left). The photo on the right
shows the well head of a
25 kW, medium-pressure Hgarc
for the connections to the
electric power supply, cooling
medium and inert gas
* Multiplying the number of reactors (numbering
up versus scaling up)
Evidently, Lambert-Beer's law cannot
be applied to heterogeneous reaction systems,
because the incident radiation will not
only be absorbed, but also scattered and
reflected by particles or bubbles. In heterogeneous
media, the incident radiant power
is attenuated with distance x, according to
Equation (5):
(5)
Peschl Ultraviolet
400
For dispersions, Κ(λ) and S(λ) may be
determined experimentally by spectrophotometric
methods [11, 12].
Stirred-tank reactor
Mixing is important to move the reactants
into, and to remove reaction intermediates
and products of the overall reaction from, the
irradiated volume. The number of contacts
z of a fluid element with the irradiated zone
correlates with the impeller pumping rate, q˙,
and the volume of the tank, V, as given by
Equation (7):
(7)
For scaleup with geometric similarity and
constant specific impeller power per volume
P/V, the pumping rate per volume is reduced
with reactor size, represented by the tank diameter
TD as length scale factor [13]
(8)
Consequently, by increasing the reactor
volume, all of the fluid elements pass through
the irradiated volume less frequently, and the
photochemical reaction progresses more
slowly. This decrease of the overall reaction
rate can be partially compensated: the same
impeller type with a larger impeller diameter
D provides larger pumping rates even when
operated at lower speed to comply with the
same shaft power.
(9)
Another option to increase the irradiated
volume would be the extension of the well's
circumference combined with an increase
of radiant power to keep the exitance constant.
Finally, the irradiated volume may also
be increased by raising the number of radiation
sources.
Particular attention must be paid to the
hydraulic load on the wells created by intense
or vigorous agitation. The oncoming
flow generates pressure, p, on the quartz or
borosilicate tubes that may be estimated by
Equation (10) [14].
(10)
50
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHEMENGONLINE.COM
JUNE 2018
Where E(λ) is the extinction coefficient, usually
defined as the sum of the absorption
Κ(λ) and scattering S(λ) coefficients:
(6)
Relative spectral distribution

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Chemical Engineering June 2018

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering June 2018

Contents
Chemical Engineering June 2018 - Cover1
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Chemical Engineering June 2018 - Contents
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