Chemical Engineering June 2020 - 41

Table 1. Summary of proceSS moduleS for The TreaTmenT of SpenT acidS
Module
Purpose
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
Stripping
Thermal oxidation
Precipitation /
filtration
Rectification
Atmospheric
evaporation
Vacuum
Evaporation
Pressure Absorption
Pressureless
Absorption
Removal of volatile inorganic/
organic compounds
Decomposition of non-volatile
or hazardous organic
compounds
Removal of non-volatile
inorganic compounds
Separation of acid mixtures
Concentration increase by
evaporation of excess water
Production of acid from
gaseous precursors
corrosive nature of the boiling sulfuric
acid-nitric acid-mixture requires
glass or glass-lined packed bed
columns for the rectification.
Step 3: Acid concentration increase
and absorption. an inMechanism
Differences
in volatility/vapor pressures
of impurities and spent acid
Oxidation of organic compounds with a
oxidation agent at high temperatures
Reducing the solubility of inorganic
impurities by lower temperature or
increasing acid concentration
Evaporation of lower boiling nitric acid
while diluting the hygroscopic sulfuric
acid
Removal of excess water by
evaporation
Absorption of gaseous acid
precursors (NOx, SO3)
crease of the acid concentration is
achieved by evaporation (figure 4b).
sulfuric acid concentrations near the
azeotropic
point
at approximately
98.5 wt.% are achievable by evaporation
of excess water. depending
on the concentration of the feed sa
and the targeted concentration of
the product acid, evaporators operated
under atmospheric pressure
(module e) or vacuum (module f)
can be used. By combining evaporators
at two different pressure levels,
it is possible to reuse the evaporated
water by vapor compression
for the heating of vacuum falling-film
evaporators. in vacuum evaporators
with an absolute pressure as low as
40 mbar the sulfuric acid concentrations
close to the azeotropic point
can be achieved at significantly lower
temperatures (approximately 225°C)
compared to the atmospheric boiling
point (approximately 335°C).
precursors of nitric and sulfuric
acid (nox and so3) that are formed
during oxidation (as described in
step 1), rectification and evaporation
can be absorbed to produce
moderate or high concentrated
nitric or sulfuric acid (figure 4c).
absorption of nox produces nitric
acid with concentrations close to
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Chemical Engineering June 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering June 2020

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