Chemical Engineering June 2021 - 30
TABLE 2. A COMPARISON OF NIR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY PERFORMANCE
(FT)-NIR in-line: Absorption
Raman in-line: Scattering - Emission
Technical data
LOD/LDL*
LQL*
Up-date time
>100 ppm
>200 ppm
Qualitative comparison
Similar benefits
Unique benefit
>200 ppm
>2,000 ppm
5 s [simple molecules] - 4 min [complex] 15 s [simple molecules] - 30 min [complex]
One probe measures a large variety of molecules - small and complex at the same time
* Well established technology with publicly
available application knowledge
* Faster in response - high-precision
measurement in approximately 1 min
* Less expensive especially hardware
OPEX
* Easier EX-conformity
Grey zone
Limits
* Insertion, transmission and transflexion
probes (5-10 mm gap)
* Aqueous processes can be challenging if
analytes are at low concentration
surement is carried out every 3 min
during the process. This quickly led
to the prevention of off-specification
production. If the reduction in laboratory
analysis, the purchase and
installation of the measuring equip*
Primary measuring effect - easier signal processing
* Analysis of both solid and liquid phase in suspensions
* Very sensitive to isomers, for example, cis/trans in
double bonds, n-/iso- in C chains, o-/m-/p- in
aromatics, polymorphs in solids
* Less efforts for " model maintenance " and simpler
transfer to different hardware platforms
* Challenging below 1,000 ppm
* Fluorescence (993 nm)
* For example, ammonium <1 g/L
Notes: LOD = limit of detection; LDL = lower detection limit; LQL = lower quantifiable limit
ment, the depreciation of the device
and the annual support costs are
calculated against the preventive offspecification
production, the return
on investment was 6 mo.
In-process analysis. Online Raman
spectroscopy with a measuring
probe measures
chlorination every 3 min in
a batch process. With PAT,
laboratory analysis was
saved several times per
batch, the cycle frequency
of the plant was increased
and a capacity increase of
around 10% was achieved.
The reduction in laboratory
analysis, the purchase and
installation of the measuring
equipment, the depreciation
of the device and
the annual support costs,
as well as the capacity increase,
also resulted in a
ROI of 6 mo.
Release analysis. For
residual
moisture
measurement
of a product after drying
and before packaging, laboratory
analysis was very simple, but also
very lengthy at 120 min. Online NIR
spectroscopy with up to six measuring
heads now determines the
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Chemical Engineering June 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering June 2021
Contents
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - Contents
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - 2
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - 3
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - 4
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - 5
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Chemical Engineering June 2021 - Cover3
Chemical Engineering June 2021 - Cover4
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