Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 27

COP = Qh/W
(3)
Where:
Qh = net heat delivered to high temperature
sink
W = power supplied to the heat
pump
FIGURE 2. This diagram shows the classification of heat pumps (adapted from Ref. 2)
Eu = Es + Ed - L
(1)
Where:
Eu = Total useful thermal
energy
Es
= Heat taken from
low-temperature source
Ed = Energy used to
drive the heat pump
L = energy losses in the
system
FIGURE 3. This diagram shows a mechanical (vapor-compression)
heat pump
(all values in consistent
units)
The efficiency of the
heat pump is measured
by the ratio of useful
thermal energy delivered,
to the driving energy
supplied to it. This
ratio is known as the
coefficient of performance
(COP):
COP = Eu/Ed
(2)
Equation (2) can be
FIGURE 4. An adsorption heat pump is shown here
expressed in different
forms depending on the
type and configuration
of the heat pump, as described
further below.
Assuming a typical
vapor compression
heat-pump
system,
such as that shown on
Figure 1, where heat,
Qc, is transferred from a
source at a lower temperature,
Tc, to a sink
at a higher temperature,
Th, electrical power W
is used to drive a compressor,
and
FIGURE
5. This heat pump features an ejector (steam-jet)
the
net
useful heat delivered to
the sink is Qh, the COP
can be expressed as:
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHEMENGONLINE.COM
JUNE 2022
The theoretical maximum coefficient
of performance that can be
achieved by the basic vapor compression
cycle in Figure 1 is given by
Equation (4):
COP < Th/(Th - Tc)
(4)
Where:
Tc = Source temperature (absolute
units)
Th = Sink temperature (absolute
units)
It is common for heat pumps to
operate with COPs well below the
theoretical maximum. There is continuous
effort by heat pump manufacturers
to design systems that are
capable of reaching closer to the
theoretical maximum COP.
For cooling service, the useful energy
in Equation (2), Eu, can be expressed
as the heat extracted from
the low-temperature source. Assuming
the same vapor compression
cycle on Figure 1, the COP for cooling
then becomes:
COPcooling = Qc/W
(5)
The theoretical maximum cooling
COP that can be achieved by the
basic vapor compression cycle in
Figure 1 is given by:
COPcooling < Tc/(Th - Tc)
(6)
Heat-pump classification
Figure 2 presents a general classification
chart for heat pump systems,
segregated into system, technology,
model and driving energy.
Based on system. Heat pumps can
be classified into closed and open
systems.
Closed systems have the working
fluid confined within the boundaries
of the system, with no material entering
or exiting it.
Open systems, on the other hand,
involve material exchange with the ex27

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Chemical Engineering June 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering June 2022

Chemical Engineering June 2022 - Intro
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 1
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 2
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 3
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 4
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 5
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 6
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 7
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - 8
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Chemical Engineering June 2022 - Cover3
Chemical Engineering June 2022 - Cover4
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