Chemical Engineering March 2014 - 60

for environmental action, and air
monitoring and daily reporting
have further raised awareness.
It should be noted that multinational
companies operating in China
typically comply with the requirements
of their countries of origin,
which typically require more extensive
monitoring and control, driven
by their own corporate mandates
and shareholder expectations.
Singapore. The government in
Singapore monitors ambient air
quality, but does not require plant
operators to monitor equipment
emission performance. Ambient air
quality is monitored with telemetric
monitoring and management
systems at 18 remote stations that
are operated by the government.
Site inspections are conducted to
ensure compliance. Non-compliant
plants can be subject to special requirements,
which could require
monitoring of components or processes.
The source emission test
scheme of Singapore's National Environmental
Agency requires that
any air quality measurements be
conducted by the site or by thirdparty
certified consultants. Corporate
social responsibility encourages
the use of best practices.
Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia's Ambient Air Standard
of 2012 calls for nine pollutants
to be measured and reported
using methods published by the
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The Presidency of Metrology
and Environment manages air
quality through a local Competent
Agency (CA), which has the power
to enforce or relax requirements.
With access to any site for purposes
of investigation, inspection, measurement
and testing, the CA can
prosecute offenders, resulting in
fines, imprisonment or both.
Taiwan. Taiwan's Air Pollution
Control Act of 2011 seeks to " control
air pollution, maintain public
health and the living environment
and improve the quality of life. " It
is administered by the Taiwan Environmental
Protection Authority,
municipal governments and county
or city authorities, all of which
represent their CA administering
regulations at the federal, county
and municipal levels. Regions are
classified into three categories: nature
preserves, those that meet air
quality standards, and those that
do not.
Stationary pollution sources in
regions that do not meet air quality
standards are required to reduce
their emissions to levels determined
by the central CA. Best Available
Control Technology (BACT) is used
to attain air quality standards. An
example of BACT is the use of lowemission
valves and valve seals. To
verify the positive impact of BACT,
the CA can require computer simulations
of the BACT to demonstrate
emission performance levels.
Among CA responsibilities and
powers are designation and collection
of permits and fees for the
release of pollutants from stationary
sources, investigation and prosecution,
determination of emission
standards, and designation of plant
sites that are required to install
automated air-monitoring instruments
and transmit data to the CA
via the Internet.
European Union. Motivated by
sensitivity to cross-border pollution,
the European Commission's
Industrial Emissions Directive
(IED) establishes directives and
permits for permissible pollution
levels and requires individual E.U.
countries to transpose the directives
into their countries' laws. The
IED publishes Best Available Techniques
to promote best practices for
each industry, including qualification
of equipment designs for low
emissions. Monitoring of individual
components (flanges, valves, compressors
and pumps) is not the normal
procedure.
A relatively new development
within the E.U. is Germany's VDI2290:2012-06
- Emission Control
Sealing Constants for Flange Connections.
This standard calls for
analysis of flange-gasket-bolt assemblies
to verify they meet the TALuft
low-emission requirement. It
also requires installation of gaskets
by trained, qualified personnel and
inspection of the post-installation,
assembled joints.
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