Chemical Engineering May 2017 - 71

Uniaxial shear testing
Uniaxial testing is a simple and intuitive
technique that involves measuring
the normal stress required to break or
fracture a free-standing, consolidated
powder column. The parameter
measured is the uniaxial unconfined
yield strength (uUYS), as a function
of a preconsolidation stress (Figure
1), and from which the flow function
(FF; a factor that is required for hopper
design) can be derived. Cohesive
powders have relatively strong interparticulate
forces, which encourage
the particles to bond strongly, resulting
in a relatively high uUYS.
By contrast, in a more free-flowing
powder sample, the tensile forces
between particles tend to be much
weaker, and consequently, the uUYS
values are lower. Uniaxial shear testing
provides an effective way to directly
rank the flowability of powders.
In terms of output, uniaxial shear
testing is similar to biaxial shear testing,
which also generates values for
UYS, albeit less directly. A uniaxial
powder-testing device can also be
used to measure bulk density and
Applied load
Applied load
Applied load
Shear
Shear
Translational shear cell
Annular shear cell
Powder rheometer
shear cell
FIGURE 2. Biaxial shear cells measure the forces required to shear one consolidated powder plane relative
to another to quantify UYS and determine values for FF and ff
compressibility, providing further insight
into powder behavior.
Uniaxial testing is simple and fast
- measurement times are on the
order of just a few minutes - and
equipment costs are relatively low
compared to many other devices.
Robust automated instrumentation
costs approximately $15,000, while
a manual equivalent can be purchased
for around half this price.
Testing is more difficult with relatively
free-flowing powders, since
such materials are less easily consolidated
to form a free-standing
column. Nonetheless, the latest design
is able to offer highly repeatable
measurements for a wide range of
powders. However, as noted, the
need for consolidation at relatively
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Chemical Engineering May 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering May 2017

Contents
Chemical Engineering May 2017 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering May 2017 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering May 2017 - Contents
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Chemical Engineering May 2017 - Cover3
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