Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 51

Endress+Hauser
FIGURE 2. This level switch supports automated
in-situ self-testing for critical safety applications
to test these switches is not permitted
under API 2350 for aboveground
storage tanks.
Most facilities resort to removing
switches from tanks for testing.
In these cases, operators typically
perform bucket tests, immersing a
switch in its process liquid to ensure
it works properly. Removing a switch
for testing incurs the risks of downtime,
lost production and potential
chemical exposure for personnel.
Additionally, personnel must be
available to remove the switch, perform
the test and reinstall the switch.
This method has additional drawbacks
because removing and reinstalling
switches subjects them
to potential damage. They may not
work correctly when reinstalled, negating
a test. For these reasons, it
is better to use point-level switches
that support in-situ testing for critical
safety-related applications (Figure 2).
Some plants rely on continuous
level technologies, such as freespace
radar, guided-wave radar
and ultrasonic transmitters to provide
overfill prevention with the assumption
that continuous level
measurement will provide an alert
when conditions go awry. However,
this thinking fails to consider process
occurrences, such as foam,
condensation,
product buildup
and other issues, which can create
false readings.
For this reason, point measurement
is better suited for detecting
high-high levels to prevent accidental
overfill and associated
spills, rather than continuous levelmonitoring
instrumentation.
Many switch technologies for
high-high overfill-prevention applications
exist, including vibrating tuning
forks, capacitance, ultrasonic gap
Endress+Hauser
FIGURE 3. Since very small changes in level can
translate to large fluid losses, radar level transmitters
should be able to detect tank levels within an
accuracy span of less than 1 mm
switches, float switches and more.
Engineers must carefully consider
the best instrumentation options for
each application, selecting equipment
fit to tank geometries, liquids
in use and industry accuracy and
testing requirements.
Even the best overfill-prevention
plan can go wrong, resulting in a
spill. Furthermore, not only tanks can
experience leaks, but also pumps,
pipes, valves and fittings. When any
of these adverse events occurs,
rapid detection can greatly mitigate
the chemical volume released and
associated damage.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHEMENGONLINE.COM MAY 2022
51

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Chemical Engineering May 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Chemical Engineering May 2022

Chemical Engineering May 2022 - Intro
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - Cover1
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - Cover2
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 1
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 2
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 3
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 4
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 5
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 6
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 7
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 8
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 9
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 10
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 11
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 12
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 13
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 14
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 15
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 16
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 17
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 18
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 19
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 20
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 21
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Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 23
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 24
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 25
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 26
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 27
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 28
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 29
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Chemical Engineering May 2022 - 68
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - Cover3
Chemical Engineering May 2022 - Cover4
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