TABLE 1. TARGET VALUES OF β X L FOR SPECIFIC ALLOWABLE VALUES OF γ Stress Ratio γ 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 β x L 1.494 1.795 2.009 2.183 2.336 4.735 hot bolting. It has been assumed that for hot bolting, the following circumstances hold: * Only one bolt will be removed at a time * The minimum gasket stress will occur in the circumferential midpoint of the gap left by the removed bolt * The flanges in question conform to ASME B16.5 (Welding Neck Flanges) [1] Therefore, the approach is based on the bolt stress requirement to achieve the appropriate gasket pressure. Condition to be satisfied for " hot bolting. " During operation the residual pressure on the gasket must be " m " times greater than the internal pressure in order to avoid the loss of contact between gasket and seats. Gasket pressure criterion. The required gasket pressure should be taken from ASME BPVC Section VIII - Division 1 [2] , where the bolt force to maintain gasket load under operating conditions is defined as Wm1: & ' ∙http://WWW.CHEMENGONLINE.COM