POWER March 2014 - 17

grated capture and sequestration demonstration testing began in
August 2012. The test confirmed " [h]igh-performance continuous
and stable operation of the large-scale CO2
recovery plant, "
MHI said in a statement to POWER.
Southern Co. and MHI are now discussing additional demonstration
phase activities using the plant. MHI also said it would
from the flue gas of coal-fired plants.
" accelerate its program " that seeks to achieve commercially viable
technology for recovering CO2
Richard Esposito of Southern Co.'s Advanced Energy Systems
Research & Technology Management arm told the Wyoming Infrastructure
Authority in January that the plant's demonstration involves
a 12-mile CO2
as CO2 injection into a deep saline formation above the Citronelle
Oil Field. So far, about 200,000 tons of CO2 has been captured
(a recovery efficiency of above 90% at a purity of 99.97%) and
100,000 tons has been injected.
Southern Co. is meanwhile building a CCS-ready 582-MW integrated
gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant in Kemper
County, Miss., that is expected to capture 65% of its CO2
emissions,
most of which will be transported by a completed 60-mile
pipeline and used for enhanced oil recovery. That plant is slated
to go into operation later this year.
January also marked milestones for a number of federally
backed CCS ventures. The Department of Energy (DOE) formally
committed $1 billion to its long-stalled FutureGen 2.0 project
proposed for Meredosia, Ill. That project, whose total estimated
cost is $1.68 billion, seeks to upgrade a unit of Ameren Energy's
Meredosia Energy Center. The repowered 168-MWe unit will include
oxycombustion and carbon capture technologies designed
to capture at least 90% of its CO2
emissions during " steady state "
operation.
The performance of CCS technology is also being tracked at the
400-MW Texas Clean Energy Project (TCEP) IGCC and 405-MW Hydrogen
Energy California (HECA) IGCC facilities-but the future
of both those projects is uncertain. TCEP and HECA are two of
only three active DOE Round 3 Clean Coal Power initiative projects
(the third is NRG Energy's post-combustion demonstration at the
W.A. Parish plant in Texas). San Antonio, Texas-based CPS Energy
3. A test plant. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Southern Co.
have completed the initial demonstration phase of a carbon capture
and storage test at Plant Barry in Mobile, Ala. Courtesy: Southern Co.
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pipeline built by Denbury Resources as well
allowed a key power purchase agreement with Summit's TCEP to
expire at the end of 2013, citing delays and a changing energy
landscape. California regulators are reviewing the HECA project.
(For more on the TCEP and HECA projects, see " Is Polygeneration
the Future for Clean Coal? " in this issue.)
Statkraft Shelves Osmotic Power Project
Norwegian power company Statkraft has shelved its muchwatched
effort to harness energy from pressure-retarded osmosis
(PRO). It said in a rare industry admission that the technology
could not be sufficiently developed within the current market
outlook to become competitive " within the foreseeable future. "
The company has been working on osmotic power for more
than a decade. After years of collaborative research and development
with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Statkraft in 2009 started up one of the world's first osmotic
power plants at Tofte on the Oslo Fjord in Norway, a facility that
produced 2 kW to 4 kW (Figure 4).
The prototype operated on the PRO process, which involves
pumping seawater at 60% to 85% of the osmotic pressure against
one side of semipermeable membranes whose other side is exposed
to freshwater. When freshwater, compelled by osmosis,
flows across the membranes, it dilutes the saltwater and increases
its volume-and consequently, the pressure within the saltwater
chamber. A turbine is spun as the pressure is compensated, driving
a connected generator. PRO can be thought of as the reverse
osmosis process (used for desalination and water treatment) running
backward and producing power from the flow of saltwater.
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POWER March 2014

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