Avionics News October 2022 - 53

Figure 2: A spectrum analysis of an AM broadcast station while announcers speak.
. MHz
. MHz
. MHz
with AM, we are joining together two
frequencies, at least. Consider a radio
signal transmitted at 10 MHz, which is
modulated with a 500 Hz steady tone.
With a piece of test equipment called
a spectrum analyzer, we could see the
original signal at 10 MHz, and then we
would notice two more right away. We
would notice a signal at 10 MHz plus
500 Hz, or 10.0005 MHz, and we would
see one at 10 MHz minus 500 Hz, or
9.9995 MHz. Any time two frequencies
are joined together, as we did here, the
result is four frequencies are present:
The sum (1.5 , the difference
(9.9995 MHz), the original carrier
frequency (10.0000 MHz), and the
original audio frequency (500 Hz).
Figure 1A, shows a test signal being
broadcast by radio station WWV on 10
MHz as shown on a spectrum analysis
screen. In the spectrum analysis, power
is shown on the vertical scale, while
frequency is shown on the horizontal
scale. We can see clearly that power
is present at all three frequencies
mentioned above. In theory, the 500 Hz
signal would also be present but would
be off the scale shown. In practice,
radio transmitters will transmit radio
frequencies, so the 500 Hz will not
reach the antenna.
Incoming phase shiing signa l
Synchronized signa l at the same frequency
Signa ls added algebraica l ly
Detected
Continued on following page
Detected
Detected
Figure 3: A digital PSK signal shown at various stages of transformation into zeros and ones.
This image was adapted from the textbook, Avionics: Beyond the AET.
AVIONICS NEWS * OCTOBER 2022
53

Avionics News October 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Avionics News October 2022

Avionics News October 2022 - Intro
Avionics News October 2022 - Cover1
Avionics News October 2022 - Cover2
Avionics News October 2022 - 1
Avionics News October 2022 - 2
Avionics News October 2022 - 3
Avionics News October 2022 - 4
Avionics News October 2022 - 5
Avionics News October 2022 - 6
Avionics News October 2022 - 7
Avionics News October 2022 - 8
Avionics News October 2022 - 9
Avionics News October 2022 - 10
Avionics News October 2022 - 11
Avionics News October 2022 - 12
Avionics News October 2022 - 13
Avionics News October 2022 - 14
Avionics News October 2022 - 15
Avionics News October 2022 - 16
Avionics News October 2022 - 17
Avionics News October 2022 - 18
Avionics News October 2022 - 19
Avionics News October 2022 - 20
Avionics News October 2022 - 21
Avionics News October 2022 - 22
Avionics News October 2022 - 23
Avionics News October 2022 - 24
Avionics News October 2022 - 25
Avionics News October 2022 - 26
Avionics News October 2022 - 27
Avionics News October 2022 - 28
Avionics News October 2022 - 29
Avionics News October 2022 - 30
Avionics News October 2022 - 31
Avionics News October 2022 - 32
Avionics News October 2022 - 33
Avionics News October 2022 - 34
Avionics News October 2022 - 35
Avionics News October 2022 - 36
Avionics News October 2022 - 37
Avionics News October 2022 - 38
Avionics News October 2022 - 39
Avionics News October 2022 - 40
Avionics News October 2022 - 41
Avionics News October 2022 - 42
Avionics News October 2022 - 43
Avionics News October 2022 - 44
Avionics News October 2022 - 45
Avionics News October 2022 - 46
Avionics News October 2022 - 47
Avionics News October 2022 - 48
Avionics News October 2022 - 49
Avionics News October 2022 - 50
Avionics News October 2022 - 51
Avionics News October 2022 - 52
Avionics News October 2022 - 53
Avionics News October 2022 - 54
Avionics News October 2022 - 55
Avionics News October 2022 - 56
Avionics News October 2022 - 57
Avionics News October 2022 - 58
Avionics News October 2022 - 59
Avionics News October 2022 - 60
Avionics News October 2022 - 61
Avionics News October 2022 - 62
Avionics News October 2022 - 63
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Avionics News October 2022 - 65
Avionics News October 2022 - 66
Avionics News October 2022 - 67
Avionics News October 2022 - 68
Avionics News October 2022 - 69
Avionics News October 2022 - 70
Avionics News October 2022 - 71
Avionics News October 2022 - 72
Avionics News October 2022 - Cover3
Avionics News October 2022 - Cover4
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