Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 17

et al. (2016), the maximum load in each
layer, Tmax, as well as the load at the connection,
To, are determined. Using Tmax
and To, one can select reinforcement
with proper long-term strength as well
as ensure adequate connection strength.
Figure 2 shows the computed distribution
of load in the reinforcement, T(x). The
max Tmax value is 12 kN/m (approx. 822
lb/ft). The white squares superimposed on
the distributions depicted in Figure 2 indicate
the location on each layer where the
computed Tmax is acting. Note in upper
layers that T(x) remains relatively high
all the way back to where it exceeds the
pullout resistance. Some of the top layers
have two peaks of load. This is a result of
potential slip surfaces extending through
the retained soil. This phenomenon where
Tmax is " pushed " to the rear is typical
when broken backslope exists as well as
when the retained soil has lower friction
angles. While this observation is consistent
with the mechanics of slope stability analysis,
it is contrary to AASHTO's assumption
that Tmax lies strictly on a planar surface
inclined at (45+ϕ/2) degrees where ϕ is the
reinforced soil internal angle of friction,
regardless of the backslope or retained
soil. Furthermore, in internal stability,
AASHTO takes the broken backslope as
an equivalent uniform load acting on a
horizontal crest. This is a false and unsafe
equivalency as it supports the notion of
a failure surface of (45+ϕ/2), suitable for
horizontal crest but ignoring the possibility
that top layers might be too short. Such
a scenario could result in pullout of upper
layers, typically materialized with outwards
movement of upper-facing blocks.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of
Tmax and To among layers. In our example,
maximum Tmax is approximately 12
kN/m(approximately 822 lb/ft) for all
layers except for the bottom layer where
it is slightly less. Knowledge of maximum
Tmax enables the designer to rationally
select reinforcement with adequate
long-term strength. Note that the connection
load, To, is relatively low compared
with each respective Tmax and that for
each layer, in AASHTO, the To value is
assumed to equal Tmax. Only at the bottom
layer, To=8.4 kN/m (approximately
576 lb/ft), is connection load, about 2/3
the corresponding Tmax. Consider that
Tmax in the bottom layer is close to the
facing, thus making sense that the connection
will have to bear the rather large
load, yet smaller than Tmax.
The impact of intermediate layers
is seen in Figure 5. Compared with the
baseline case, Figure 2, maximum(Tmax)
is 7.5 kN/m (approximately 514 lb/ft),
about 63% of the maximum value for the
case of primary reinforcement only. The
maximum To is 6.8 kN/m (approximately
FIGURE 4 Effects of intermediate layers
on T(x) distribution
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Geosynthetics February/March 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Geosynthetics February/March 2024

Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - Cover1
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - Cover2
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 1
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 2
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 3
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 4
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 5
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 6
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 7
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 8
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 9
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 10
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 11
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 12
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 13
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 14
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 15
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 16
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 17
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 18
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 19
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 20
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 21
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 22
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 23
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 24
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 25
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 26
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 27
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 28
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 29
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 30
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 31
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 32
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 33
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 34
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 35
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 36
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 37
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 38
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 39
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 40
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 41
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 42
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 43
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - 44
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - Cover3
Geosynthetics February/March 2024 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-december-2024-january-2025
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-october-november-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-july-august-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-case-studies-guide-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-april-may-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-february-march-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-december-2023-january-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-october-november-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geoysynthetics-august-september-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-june-july-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-april-may-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-february-march-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-december-2022-january-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/ata/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-october-november-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-august-september-2022
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https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-february-march-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-december-2021-january-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-october-november-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-august-september-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-june-july-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-april-may-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/geosynthetics-february-march-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/ifai/geosynthetics/1220GS
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