Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 14

Development of cation exchange processes in geosynthetic clay liners
Removal of GCL specimen from sample roll
4a
4d
unit area (ASTM D5993), index flux
(ASTM D5887), and maximum hydraulic
conductivity (ASTM D5887 ) based
on manufacturer data for the GCL
are 3600 g/m2, 1x10-8 (m3/m2)/s, and
5x10-11 m/s, respectively. The hydration
solutions used in the experiments
were deionized (DI) water, 2 mM CaCl2,
50 mM CaCl2 and 200 mM CaCl2. The
calcium chloride solutions were made by
mixing appropriate masses of American
Chemical Society reagent-grade CaCl2
crystals with deionized water. The 2 mM,
50 mM and 200 mM CaCl2 solutions
represent typical soil pore liquid, mild
landfill leachate and harsh landfill leachate,
respectively (Bradshaw and Benson
2014, Tian et al. 2019).
4b
4e
4c
FIGURE 4A Hydrating GCL with conditioning fluid
along cutting template perimeter
FIGURE 4B Cutting GCL along the hydrated
perimeter of cutting template
FIGURE 4C GCL specimen
FIGURE 4D Length measurement of GCL specimen
using digital calipers
FIGURE 4E Thickness measurement of GCL specimen
using digital calipers with C-clamp attachment
FIGURE 5 Taping process and final duct tape configuration for virgin GCL specimens
14
Geosynthetics | October November 2023
Methods
Tests were conducted on 150 x 150 mm
(5.9 x 5.9 inch) square specimens of the
GCL, which were cut from the sample
roll following the process presented in
Figure 4. Measurements made on the
GCL specimens included determination
of physical characteristics such as
length, width, thickness and mass before
each hydration period. The edges of the
specimens were wrapped in duct tape
to prevent bentonite loss (Figure 5).
The specimens also were taped across
the mid-lengths along both sides to
aid in maintaining relatively uniform
hydration conditions (i.e., prevent high
swelling in the middle and low swelling
near the edges). Each specimen was
fully submerged in a plastic tub with
2 L of hydration solution (Figure 6).
The individual tubs were placed in a
temperature-controlled bath (Figure
7) for the testing program. A total of
12 tubs were placed in the temperature
bath (maintained at 20°C or 68°F) at a
given time. The GCLs were hydrated
over eight distinct periods: 4 hours, 8
hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 16
days and 32 days.

Geosynthetics October/November 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Geosynthetics October/November 2023

Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - Cover1
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - Cover2
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 1
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 2
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 3
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 4
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 5
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 6
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 7
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 8
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 9
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 10
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 11
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 12
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 13
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 14
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 15
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 16
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 17
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 18
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 19
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 20
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 21
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 22
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 23
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 24
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 25
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 26
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 27
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 28
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 29
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 30
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 31
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 32
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 33
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 34
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 35
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 36
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 37
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 38
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 39
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 40
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 41
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 42
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 43
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - 44
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - Cover3
Geosynthetics October/November 2023 - Cover4
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