APR March 2024 - 48

»
DRUG DELIVERY
»
Your Nails and You
Sienna Dragone, Natalie Devine,
Neelam Sharma and Hemant Joshi
Tara Innovations LLC
www.tarainnovations.com
hemantjoshi@tarainnovations.com
Editor's Note: Hemant Joshi and his colleagues at Tara Innovations
are frequent contributors to American Pharmaceutical Review
and Pharmaceutical Outsourcing magazines. Tara offers summer
internships to students interested in science. During their
internship students learn how science is applied to real-world
situations. American Pharmaceutical Review supports their efforts by
publishing articles written by their interns.
Evolutionary Purposes of Nails
Over time, humans' fingernails and toenails have evolved from claws
to what they are now. It is believed that human ancestors utilized
claws to grab onto things, dig holes, and climb tree trunks. However,
as they grew larger, these claws got in the way as they climbed up
trees and attempted to grab small branches in search of food. Claws
also hindered our ancestors' ability to grab small items or pick up
bugs. Another evolutionary benefit of nails is that they are thought
to have supported the development of broad fingertips, enabling our
ancestors to develop grip.1
Toenails also started as claws and went through a nearly identical
evolutionary development to fingernails. Like the claws on the hands,
clawed feet were useful to get a grip when climbing up trees. However,
they got in the way of movement on the ground.
The development of fingernails and toenails also serves as protection;
the hard surface of nails protects the tissues, nerves, blood vessels, and
muscles beneath them.2
Nail Physiology
Nails are composed of several strands of keratin that are bound
together by disulfide bonds. The low lipid content of the nail layer,
combined with its molecular composition of keratin molecules
communicating across disulfide linkages, makes its behavior similar to
that of a hydrogel and separates it from other body barriers. The nail
plate grows from the nail matrix, arises from the crease of the proximal
nail fold, and is kept in place by the lateral nail folds (Figure 1). The nail
plate also protects the nail bed (sterile matrix and germinal matrix).
Intercellular attachments, desmosomes, and membrane-coating
granules keep the cells of the nail plate intact.
In addition to the nail plate, other important components of the nail
are the nail matrix, nail bed, cuticle, and nail folds. The nail matrix is
found under the skin at the proximal tip of the nail. It is the area where
new fingernails and toenails start to grow. The nail bed is made of the
48 |
| March 2024

http://www.tarainnovations.com

APR March 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of APR March 2024

Message from the Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Getting to GMP-Quality Biotherapeutics From Today’s Bench-Scale Continuous Manufacturing Systems: A Gap Analysis
MICROBIOLOGY - Critical Behavioral Attributes and the Application of COM-B Framework in Aseptic Processing
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Use of AUC in AAV Analysis in a GMP Setting
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Precision Medicine in Clinical Trials: A Statistical Perspective
An Interview with Dan Smithey, PhD President & CEO, Serán
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Still Early Days for AI in Drug Discovery...Says Who?
QC Corner - Enhancing Material and Equipment Availability in Production Isolators
BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Technologies for Aseptic Filling: The Choice is Clear
Vendor Viewpoint - Data Integrity and Rapid Micro Methods: Transforming to a Modern Microbiology Lab
MICROBIOLOGY - Bacterial Spore Formers in Disinfectant Efficacy Testing
Partner Perspective - Nanoparticle Technologies: Enablers for Ocular Drug Delivery
DRUG DELIVERY - Your Nails and You
DRUG DEVELOPMENT - Battling Exorbitance: High Costs in Sickle Cell Gene Therapies and the Imperative of Global Patient Registries for Equity
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - How Pharma Companies Are Solving Regulatory Challenges with AI-based Technology
Event Preview - CPHI North America
Event Preview - Excipient World 2024
P.I.N. Points
Advertiser's Index
APR March 2024 - CoverTip01
APR March 2024 - CoverTip02
APR March 2024 - Cover1
APR March 2024 - Cover2
APR March 2024 - 1
APR March 2024 - 2
APR March 2024 - 3
APR March 2024 - 4
APR March 2024 - 5
APR March 2024 - Message from the Editor
APR March 2024 - Editorial Advisory Board
APR March 2024 - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Getting to GMP-Quality Biotherapeutics From Today’s Bench-Scale Continuous Manufacturing Systems: A Gap Analysis
APR March 2024 - 9
APR March 2024 - 10
APR March 2024 - 11
APR March 2024 - 12
APR March 2024 - 13
APR March 2024 - MICROBIOLOGY - Critical Behavioral Attributes and the Application of COM-B Framework in Aseptic Processing
APR March 2024 - 15
APR March 2024 - 16
APR March 2024 - 17
APR March 2024 - 18
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Use of AUC in AAV Analysis in a GMP Setting
APR March 2024 - 20
APR March 2024 - 21
APR March 2024 - 22
APR March 2024 - 23
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Precision Medicine in Clinical Trials: A Statistical Perspective
APR March 2024 - 25
APR March 2024 - 26
APR March 2024 - 27
APR March 2024 - An Interview with Dan Smithey, PhD President & CEO, Serán
APR March 2024 - 29
APR March 2024 - 30
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Still Early Days for AI in Drug Discovery...Says Who?
APR March 2024 - 32
APR March 2024 - 33
APR March 2024 - QC Corner - Enhancing Material and Equipment Availability in Production Isolators
APR March 2024 - 35
APR March 2024 - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Technologies for Aseptic Filling: The Choice is Clear
APR March 2024 - 37
APR March 2024 - 38
APR March 2024 - 39
APR March 2024 - Vendor Viewpoint - Data Integrity and Rapid Micro Methods: Transforming to a Modern Microbiology Lab
APR March 2024 - 41
APR March 2024 - MICROBIOLOGY - Bacterial Spore Formers in Disinfectant Efficacy Testing
APR March 2024 - 43
APR March 2024 - Partner Perspective - Nanoparticle Technologies: Enablers for Ocular Drug Delivery
APR March 2024 - 45
APR March 2024 - 46
APR March 2024 - 47
APR March 2024 - DRUG DELIVERY - Your Nails and You
APR March 2024 - 49
APR March 2024 - 50
APR March 2024 - 51
APR March 2024 - DRUG DEVELOPMENT - Battling Exorbitance: High Costs in Sickle Cell Gene Therapies and the Imperative of Global Patient Registries for Equity
APR March 2024 - 53
APR March 2024 - 54
APR March 2024 - 55
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - How Pharma Companies Are Solving Regulatory Challenges with AI-based Technology
APR March 2024 - 57
APR March 2024 - Event Preview - CPHI North America
APR March 2024 - 59
APR March 2024 - Event Preview - Excipient World 2024
APR March 2024 - 61
APR March 2024 - P.I.N. Points
APR March 2024 - 63
APR March 2024 - Advertiser's Index
APR March 2024 - Cover3
APR March 2024 - Cover4
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