APR March 2024 - 49

« DRUG DELIVERY
sterile matrix and the germinal matrix. This area of the nail is a thin
epithelium where the nail plate adheres and slides as it develops.
The sterile matrix lies underneath the nail plate and attaches it to the
distal phalanx. The germinal matrix is the area of soft tissue proximal
to the sterile matrix. The cells in this area of the nail divide and become
keratinized, forming the nail plate.3
The cuticle is simply the layer of skin located at the nail bed, near the
base of the nail (Figure 1). Nail folds are areas of skin that enclose the
nail plate at its lateral and proximal ends. Lateral nail folds are the
cushioned lateral margins of the nail, and they participate in the nail's
adherence to the nail bed. The proximal nail folds are on the nail's
dorsal side and conceal the whole nail matrix or just a portion. These
folds work with the cuticle to protect against irritants, solvents, and
other agents that would disrupt matrix function and nail formation.4
Figure 2. Image showing the three stages of nail infection
Figure 1. Cross section of a nail and basic anatomical features
missing or underdeveloped nails. Koilonychias, i.e. spoon nails, is a
condition caused by trauma such as nail biting where the nail plate
curves upwards instead of down. Paronychia is inflammation of the
nail folds caused by pollution or alkali chemicals in chronic cases or
bacteria (e.g., staphylococcal) in acute cases.7
Many different organisms can infect the nail or surrounding tissue
and cause cosmetic issues, pain, or damage. Pseudomonas bacteria
can infect nails either between the nail bed and nail plate or between
an artificial nail layer and the nail plate normally due to having water
underneath nails and poor hygiene. This causes green discoloration,
nail plate weakening, and sometimes nail plate separation in the case
of bed-plate infections.
Onychomycosis nail fungus is responsible for the majority of issues
with nails and thus, it is the most widely studied, affecting anywhere
from 10-40% of the population. Some genetic or health factors can
predispose someone to get the infection and poor hygiene can
increase risk, but nail fungus can infect almost anyone. Nail ringworm,
contrary to its name, is not caused by a parasitic worm and is instead a
type of onychomycosis sometimes falsely referred to as tinea unguium,
which is just another name for nail fungus, in general. This infection is
marked by rings of inflammation, distortion, thickening of the nail, and
ultimately resulting in nail plate amputation.
Drug Treatments
Problems and Diseases
Sometimes, issues occur with the nail due to environmental or internal
factors such as malnutrition, irritation, care issues, or genetic disorders.
Psoriasis is a skin condition with raised red patches of rash caused by
many factors, e.g., irritation, genetic conditions, and infections, and
can affect various parts of the body including nails. Nail psoriasis on
the nail matrix causes pits or ridges to form in the new nail, while
damage to the nail bed can cause it to turn yellow or red and become
thickened which can then lead to nail cracking or falling off.5
nail infections can be divided in three stages (Figure 2).
In general,
Nail-patella syndrome is another genetic disorder that is much rarer
and causes the absence or shrinking of the nails and kneecaps along
with some other bone deformities.6
The most common symptom is
There are many different treatments for nail infections. Nail oils are a
common herbal remedy that is used for nail diseases. Some nail oils
contain active ingredients, while others do not. Two nail oils that contain
active ingredients are Better Nail and Fuginix. Better Nail contains 25%
Undecylenic Acid, as well as other essential oils such as Tea Tree Oil,
Lavender Oil, and Jojoba Oil. Fuginix also contains Undecylenic Acid,
but less than in Better Nail. Its other ingredients include oils such as
Tea Tree Oil, Lavender Oil, and Jasmine Oil. On the other hand, many
nail oils do not contain any active ingredients (Kerassentials Nail Oil
and H-Nail Fungus Formula). These both contain essential oils, as well
as other herbal ingredients, to treat nail infections. It has been shown
that nail oils that contain an active ingredient are more effective at
treating nail infections.8
www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com |
| 49
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APR March 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of APR March 2024

Message from the Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Getting to GMP-Quality Biotherapeutics From Today’s Bench-Scale Continuous Manufacturing Systems: A Gap Analysis
MICROBIOLOGY - Critical Behavioral Attributes and the Application of COM-B Framework in Aseptic Processing
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Use of AUC in AAV Analysis in a GMP Setting
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Precision Medicine in Clinical Trials: A Statistical Perspective
An Interview with Dan Smithey, PhD President & CEO, Serán
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Still Early Days for AI in Drug Discovery...Says Who?
QC Corner - Enhancing Material and Equipment Availability in Production Isolators
BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Technologies for Aseptic Filling: The Choice is Clear
Vendor Viewpoint - Data Integrity and Rapid Micro Methods: Transforming to a Modern Microbiology Lab
MICROBIOLOGY - Bacterial Spore Formers in Disinfectant Efficacy Testing
Partner Perspective - Nanoparticle Technologies: Enablers for Ocular Drug Delivery
DRUG DELIVERY - Your Nails and You
DRUG DEVELOPMENT - Battling Exorbitance: High Costs in Sickle Cell Gene Therapies and the Imperative of Global Patient Registries for Equity
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - How Pharma Companies Are Solving Regulatory Challenges with AI-based Technology
Event Preview - CPHI North America
Event Preview - Excipient World 2024
P.I.N. Points
Advertiser's Index
APR March 2024 - CoverTip01
APR March 2024 - CoverTip02
APR March 2024 - Cover1
APR March 2024 - Cover2
APR March 2024 - 1
APR March 2024 - 2
APR March 2024 - 3
APR March 2024 - 4
APR March 2024 - 5
APR March 2024 - Message from the Editor
APR March 2024 - Editorial Advisory Board
APR March 2024 - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Getting to GMP-Quality Biotherapeutics From Today’s Bench-Scale Continuous Manufacturing Systems: A Gap Analysis
APR March 2024 - 9
APR March 2024 - 10
APR March 2024 - 11
APR March 2024 - 12
APR March 2024 - 13
APR March 2024 - MICROBIOLOGY - Critical Behavioral Attributes and the Application of COM-B Framework in Aseptic Processing
APR March 2024 - 15
APR March 2024 - 16
APR March 2024 - 17
APR March 2024 - 18
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Use of AUC in AAV Analysis in a GMP Setting
APR March 2024 - 20
APR March 2024 - 21
APR March 2024 - 22
APR March 2024 - 23
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Precision Medicine in Clinical Trials: A Statistical Perspective
APR March 2024 - 25
APR March 2024 - 26
APR March 2024 - 27
APR March 2024 - An Interview with Dan Smithey, PhD President & CEO, Serán
APR March 2024 - 29
APR March 2024 - 30
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - Still Early Days for AI in Drug Discovery...Says Who?
APR March 2024 - 32
APR March 2024 - 33
APR March 2024 - QC Corner - Enhancing Material and Equipment Availability in Production Isolators
APR March 2024 - 35
APR March 2024 - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS - Technologies for Aseptic Filling: The Choice is Clear
APR March 2024 - 37
APR March 2024 - 38
APR March 2024 - 39
APR March 2024 - Vendor Viewpoint - Data Integrity and Rapid Micro Methods: Transforming to a Modern Microbiology Lab
APR March 2024 - 41
APR March 2024 - MICROBIOLOGY - Bacterial Spore Formers in Disinfectant Efficacy Testing
APR March 2024 - 43
APR March 2024 - Partner Perspective - Nanoparticle Technologies: Enablers for Ocular Drug Delivery
APR March 2024 - 45
APR March 2024 - 46
APR March 2024 - 47
APR March 2024 - DRUG DELIVERY - Your Nails and You
APR March 2024 - 49
APR March 2024 - 50
APR March 2024 - 51
APR March 2024 - DRUG DEVELOPMENT - Battling Exorbitance: High Costs in Sickle Cell Gene Therapies and the Imperative of Global Patient Registries for Equity
APR March 2024 - 53
APR March 2024 - 54
APR March 2024 - 55
APR March 2024 - FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT - How Pharma Companies Are Solving Regulatory Challenges with AI-based Technology
APR March 2024 - 57
APR March 2024 - Event Preview - CPHI North America
APR March 2024 - 59
APR March 2024 - Event Preview - Excipient World 2024
APR March 2024 - 61
APR March 2024 - P.I.N. Points
APR March 2024 - 63
APR March 2024 - Advertiser's Index
APR March 2024 - Cover3
APR March 2024 - Cover4
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