Summary References Sonication is an important step for preparing alpha-synuclein PFFs for use in vitro and in vivo, as shorter fibrils are more efficient at seeding. The process of sonication is instrumental in creating a suitable fibril length and solubilizing the fibrils, which are key elements in successfully inducing neurodegenerative disease pathology using preformed fibrils. 1. Volipicelli-Daley, L.A., Luk, K.C., Lee, V.M-Y. " Addition of exogenous α-Synuclein Pre-formed fibrils to Primary Neuronal Cultures to seed recruitment of endogenous α-Synuclein to Lewy body and Lewy Neurite-like aggregates. " Nature Protocols (2014). 2. Sonication of proteins causes formation of aggregates that resemble amyloid, Stathopoulos, P.B. et al. (2004) Protein Science 13(11):3017-3027. 3. The power of ultrasound. Santos H.M. et al. (2009) Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications. Additional Resource Proteins for Neurodegenerative Disease Research: Active Pre-Formed Fibrills (PFFs) 21https://www.stressmarq.com/pffs/?v=7516fd43adaa