eBook: Breakthroughs and Innovations in Immunology Research - 20
Novel Cancer Therapies Using
CAR Technology: CAR Applications
in Non-T Cells
CAR-natural killer and CAR-macrophage cells are among the new
CAR designs showing promise.
Introduction
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies involve
the use of engineered receptors capable of redirecting
immune cells to recognize and destroy
cancer cells expressing a specific antigen. Currently,
CAR-T cells, T cells equipped with CAR, dominate
the field of CAR therapy. Since 2017, over 700
clinical trials involving CAR-T therapy have been
registered and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) has approved six CAR-T therapies for the
treatment of leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple
myeloma (Figure 1). However, despite its clinical
significance, several factors contribute to the limitations
of CAR-T therapy.
First, as collecting T cells is costly and time-consuming,
this may not be feasible for patients already
suffering from a compromised immune system.
Second, CAR-T therapies mainly focus on treating
hematological malignancies, having limited effectiveness
in treating solid tumors. Third, CAR-T cells
struggle to penetrate the tumor microenvironment
(TME), which can hinder their therapeutic function.
To overcome these limitations, promising CAR designs
have emerged for multi-target CAR-T alongside
novel therapies that utilize other immune cell
types such as CAR-Natural killer (NK) and CAR-Macrophage
(M) cells.
Figure 1. Timeline of CAR-T FDA approvals in the U.S. B-ALL, B cell
acute lymphoblastic leukemia; LBCL, large B cell lymphoma; MCL,
mantle cell lymphoma; MM, multiple myeloma; R/R, relapsed/
refractory Source: adapted from Maakaron, J, et al. 2022
20
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eBook: Breakthroughs and Innovations in Immunology Research
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