April 2021 - 30

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY
Biopesticides: Categories, use strategies for IPM and IRM
By Surendra K. Dara
University of California
Biopesticides contain active
ingredients of natural or biological
origin that include plant extracts,
microorganisms, microbial
metabolites, organic molecules,
minerals, or other such natural
materials that have pesticidal
properties. Pests such as herbivorous
arthropods, pathogens, parasitic
nematodes, mollusks, rodents and
weeds cause significant crop damage
when they are not managed. Pest
suppression is a critical part of crop
production to maintain plant health,
prevent yield losses and optimize
returns.
As agriculture advanced from
subsistence farming to a global
enterprise, crop protection also
evolved over millennia. When
farming was less organized, nature
maintained a balance and provided
solutions initially. Then natural
solutions were actively implemented
until industrialization led to the
use of synthetic inputs in the 20th
century. While synthetic fertilizers
and pesticides contributed to a
tremendous improvement in the
yield potential, the indiscriminate
use of some of them - and the
resulting damage to the environment
and human health - steered food
production in the recent past towards
organic farming with the use of
nature-based solutions.
Although biopesticides have been
around for a few decades, the growth
of organic farming gave an impetus
to the biopesticide industry during
the past few years, resulting in the
development of new active ingredients
and improved formulations. Now,
biopesticides are considered an
important part of integrated pest
management (IPM) strategies in both
organic and conventional systems. With
a considerable industry investment in
research and development, the quality
and efficacy of biopesticides have also
significantly improved. This has also
contributed to optimizing the cost of
some formulations.
However, there is still a need to fill
the knowledge gaps in biopesticides
and their use. Depending on a
biopesticide's active ingredient,
the mode of action, target pests,
storage, handling and use strategies
30 | FruitGrowersNews.com

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April 2021

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