March 2019 - 25

" This is a blueprint for
how a plant's immune
system works. "
− Kiwamu Tanaka,
Washington State University
well as plants changed in the
major pathways of plant defense.
The scientists would trigger an
ATP response in a modified
sample to trace the signal's path
to the receptor, then reproduce
that in the other samples. It was
timeconsuming science, with a
big payoff, said WSU postdoctoral
researcher, and lead author on the
paper, Jeremy Jewell.
" It was like following a single
noodle in a huge bowl full of them, "
Jewell said. " Extracellular ATP turns
on defense responses partly through
these major defense pathways, and
partly independently of them, but all
these strands work together. When
we found new players in this immune
pathway, it was a great feeling. "
How ATP works
ATP is an energy molecule that
is necessary for life to function,
Tanaka said. It's very well
researched and understood inside
of cells. But ATP fundamentally
changes when it is outside a cell in
an organism.
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Arabidopsis thaliana (mouseear cress),
a model organism in plant biology,
was used in the experiments showing
how ATP sends distress messages to
surrounding cells.
" Extracellular ATP is a damage
signal to the surrounding cells, " Tanaka
said. " ATP is only outside a cell when
something is damaged, so it's a perfect
trigger for immune responses. "
The receptor that receives the
damage signal ATP was found in
2014, but until now scientists didn't
know how this signal caused an
immune response in plants.
" Future plant breeding can now
increase plant defense or resistance
based on knowing these pathways, "
Gang said. " They can be bred to
respond faster, or to not waste energy
by turning on the entire immune
system if only a specific defense is
required. The potential for this is
pretty incredible for helping plants
and crops. "
Funding support comes from
the National Science Foundation to
Tanaka and Gang. FGN
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FGN | MARCH 2019 | 25

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March 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of March 2019