Revue - Les Cahiers de l'Arbitrage N°2 - 2023 - 158

AFRICA SPECIAL ISSUE
(k) Norway adopts an 'opt in' system that is similar to those in Australia and
Sweden. 44
(l) China's Arbitration Law and the Arbitration Law 45
legal content in the Civil Procedure Law and the Civil Code 46
whether arbitrations ought to be confidential.
(m) In Germany, the German Code of Civil Procedure 47
and the arbitration-related
are both silent on
does not provide any
statutory imposition of confidentiality relating to arbitration. However, as in
Austria and Bulgaria, commentators and courts are divided as to whether a
duty of confidentiality may be implied into an arbitration agreement in these
jurisdictions. 48
(n) Finally, in India, the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019
broadly provides that the arbitrators, arbitral institution and the parties to the
arbitration agreement shall maintain confidentiality of all arbitral proceedings
except where its disclosure is necessary for the purpose of implementation and
enforcement of an award. 49
African jurisdictions (excluding South Africa)
31. Several African countries have also adopted contrasting positions. For
example:
(a) In Nigeria, the newly-promulgated Arbitration and Mediation Act (2023) is
silent on the confidentiality of arbitrations - as opposed to mediation where " all
information relating to ... mediation proceedings shall be kept confidential " 50
subject to certain exceptions where disclosure is required (one of which,
interestingly, is where disclosure " is necessary for the protection of public
order " ). 51
(b) In Tanzania, arbitration legislation was historically silent with respect to
confidentiality. 52
The relatively new Arbitration Act of 2020, which regulates both
domestic and international arbitrations, however provides for privacy of hearings 53
44. Norwegian Arbitration Act, 2004, section 5, available at https://www.international-arbitrationattorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Norway-Arbitration-Law.pdf.
45.
Available at http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201312/
20131200432698.shtml.
46. Available at https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/49687/108073/F-10525823/
CHN49687%20Eng%202007.pdf.
47. Available at https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/89715/103683/F-595450696/
ZPO.pdf.
48. Redfern & Hunter: Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration 7th Ed, para.
2.193, available at https://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I850654C0ADF911ED9B368076A8107E5B/
View/FullText.html?ppcid=529f8437d9144a14b79666a01659a01c&originationContext=documentto
c&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&nortId=I8C73BA90ADF911ED90D9
D5460E340817&comp=books&navId=8A3097605A6D59713D9ED2D46FA5FC25.
49. Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act 33 of 2019 of India, section 42A, available
at https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210414.pdf.
50. Arbitration and Mediation Act (2023) (Nigeria), section 76, available at https://www.
lawyard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Arbitration-and-Mediation-Act.pdf.
51. Ibid., section 76(d).
52. Arbitration Act (Tanzania), Cap 15 [Revised Edition 2002] did not include any provisions
regarding confidentiality or privacy of domestic or international arbitrations.
53. Arbitration Act 2020 (Tanzania), section 39(1), available at https://mmuu.sheria.go.tz/storag
e/534b6bed051a69b086d26a9faf67ea53.pdf.
432
The Paris Journal of International Arbitration 2023‑2

https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Norway-Arbitration-Law.pdf https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Norway-Arbitration-Law.pdf http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201312/20131200432698.shtml http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201312/20131200432698.shtml https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/49687/108073/F-10525823/CHN49687%20Eng%202007.pdf https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/49687/108073/F-10525823/CHN49687%20Eng%202007.pdf https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/89715/103683/F-595450696/ZPO.pdf https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/89715/103683/F-595450696/ZPO.pdf https://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I850654C0ADF911ED9B368076A8107E5B/View/FullText.html?ppcid=529f8437d9144a14b79666a01659a01c&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&nortId=I8C73BA90ADF911ED90D9D5460E340817&comp=books&navId=8A3097605A6D59713D9ED2D46FA5FC25 https://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I850654C0ADF911ED9B368076A8107E5B/View/FullText.html?ppcid=529f8437d9144a14b79666a01659a01c&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&nortId=I8C73BA90ADF911ED90D9D5460E340817&comp=books&navId=8A3097605A6D59713D9ED2D46FA5FC25 https://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I850654C0ADF911ED9B368076A8107E5B/View/FullText.html?ppcid=529f8437d9144a14b79666a01659a01c&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&nortId=I8C73BA90ADF911ED90D9D5460E340817&comp=books&navId=8A3097605A6D59713D9ED2D46FA5FC25 https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210414.pdf https://www.lawyard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Arbitration-and-Mediation-Act.pdf https://www.lawyard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Arbitration-and-Mediation-Act.pdf https://mmuu.sheria.go.tz/storage/534b6bed051a69b086d26a9faf67ea53.pdf https://mmuu.sheria.go.tz/storage/534b6bed051a69b086d26a9faf67ea53.pdf

Revue - Les Cahiers de l'Arbitrage N°2 - 2023

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