December 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 22

L AW R E V I E W

No Agency Liability for Independent
Contractor Negligence
By James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D.

N

egligence liability presupposes some measure of control over the operational details of an unreasonably dangerous condition or conduct
that caused a plaintiff 's injury. Under the traditional " Master/Servant
Rule " and " vicarious liability " doctrine, the master will be held responsible for
the negligent acts of his or her servants committed within the scope of the servant's authority. In other words, an agency will be liable for the negligent acts
of its agents, both employees and volunteers, when such negligence was related
or incidental to an agent's responsibilities.
On the other hand, unlike agents,
the master will not be liable when the
negligence that causes a plaintiff 's
injury is caused by an independent
contractor. Unlike a servant/agent,
a master/agency does not exercise
sufficient control over the manner
in which an independent contractor
operates or accomplishes a task. The
Restatement (Second) of Agency § 2 provides the following definitions that
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Parks & Recreation

distinguish " Master, Servant and Independent Contractor " :
(1) A master is a principal who
employs an agent to perform service
in his affairs and who controls or has
the right to control the physical conduct of the other in the performance
of the service.
(2) A servant is an agent employed
by a master to perform service in
his affairs whose physical conduct

| D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 | W W W. N R PA . O R G

in the performance of the service is
controlled or is subject to the right to
control by the master.
(3) An independent contractor is
a person who contracts with another
to do something for him, but who is
not controlled by the other nor with
respect to his physical conduct in the
performance of the undertaking.
The cases described herein illustrate these general legal principles
and the legal analysis applied by a
federal and a state court to determine
whether independent contractor relationships existed when two public
park and recreation departments arranged for security at a state fair and
entertainment at a medieval festival.
In both instances, the courts cited
expressed language in the contract as

December 2013 - Parks & Recreation

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