March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 23

L AW R E V I E W

Park User Challenges Outdoor
Public Smoking Ban
By James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D.

I

n the case of Gallagher v. City of Clayton, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 23050
(8th Cir. 11/8/2012), plaintiff Arthur Gallagher claimed a City of Clayton, Missouri, ordinance prohibiting outdoor smoking on certain public
property, including public parks and playgrounds, effected an unconstitutional
deprivation of his civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In pertinent part,
Section 1983 provides a federal cause of action for deprivation of any rights
secured by the Constitution. Moreover, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 allows a federal court
to award reasonable attorneys' fees to a prevailing party in civil rights claims.
On March 3, 2011, after initially filing the lawsuit, Gallagher's attorney,
Bevis Schock, addressed the media
and outlined his theories of the case.
Schock characterized the City's ban on
smoking in public as " basically ridiculous " and an " improper infringement
on liberty. " While acknowledging that
" a majority of people favored a smoking ban; the voters were in favor of it, "
Schock asked, " How far can the government go to stop the minority from

engaging in the pleasures of liberty, to
enjoy a nice cigarette? " (See: " Lawsuit challenges Clayton smoking ban, "
KSDK Channel 5, St. Louis, Missouri,
online news: www.ksdk.com/news/
local/story.aspx?storyid=247293.)
The federal district court dismissed
Gallagher's lawsuit. As described
herein, Gallagher then appealed to
the United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit, one level below
the United States Supreme Court.

Standards of Review
In general, the outcome of a constitutional challenge is effectively predisposed by the nature of the interest or
activity being regulated. If the interest
or activity subject to regulation involves
a fundamental right or a suspect class,
the government bears a significant burden in demonstrating the constitutionality of a law or ordinance.
On the other hand, if the law or regulation does not involve a fundamental right or suspect class, federal courts
will generally defer to the government's
rationale for regulating a given activity
or interest to achieve a legitimate governmental interest. Regardless, there is
generally a presumption that a law or
ordinance is constitutional.
As illustrated by the Gallagher opinion described below, in determining

WWW.NRPA.ORG | MARCH 2013 |

Parks & Recreation

21



March 2013 - Parks & Recreation

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of March 2013 - Parks & Recreation

March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 1
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 2
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 3
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 4
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 5
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 6
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 7
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 8
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 9
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 10
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 11
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 12
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 13
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 14
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 15
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 16
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 17
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 18
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 19
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 20
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 21
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 22
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 23
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 24
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 25
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 26
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 27
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 28
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 29
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 30
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 31
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 32
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 33
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 34
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 35
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 36
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 37
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 38
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 39
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 40
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 41
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 42
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 43
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 44
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 45
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 46
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 47
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 48
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 49
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 50
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 51
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 52
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 53
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 54
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 55
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 56
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 57
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 58
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 59
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 60
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 61
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 62
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 63
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 64
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 65
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 66
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 67
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 68
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 69
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 70
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 71
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 72
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 73
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 74
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 75
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 76
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 77
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 78
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 79
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 80
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 81
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 82
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 83
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 84
March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 85
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2009
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com