September 2017 - Parks & Recreation - 34

L AW R E V I E W

State Playground Program Disqualified
Religious Organizations
By James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D.

T

he Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted research on the
use of recycled tire crumb in playgrounds and on playing fields (https://
www.epa.gov/chemical-research/federal-research-recycled-tire-crumbused-playing-fields).
In a December 2016 report, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC) found " no specific chemical hazards from recycled tires in playground
surfacing, " but cautioned " mouth contact with playground surfacing materials, including mouthing, chewing or swallowing playground rubber " should be avoided
(https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education-Centers/Crumb-Rubber-Safety-Information-Center).
Several jurisdictions have programs
promoting the use of recycled tires to
provide scrap tire chips as ground cover and scrap tire matting in the safety
surface material for playgrounds. Such
programs reduce the number of used
tires otherwise destined for landfills
and dumpsites. One such jurisdiction
is Missouri.
In Missouri, the state's Department of

32

Parks & Recreation

Natural Resources administers a " Scrap
Tire Program, " which offers reimbursement grants to qualifying nonprofit organizations that purchase playground
surfaces made from recycled tires. The
program is funded through a fee imposed on the sale of new tires in the state
(https://dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/tires/
tirefinassistance.htm and https://dnr.
mo.gov/pubs/pub2425.pdf).

| S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 7 | W W W. PA R K S A N D R E C R E AT I O N . O R G

One would not expect that administration of a rather modest recreational
grant program involving recycled tire
scraps would prompt a significant case
and controversy for review and a published opinion by the Supreme Court
of the United States, but it did. In so
doing, the Supreme Court further delineated the relationship between the
government and religious organizations
within the context of the Establishment
Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of
the First Amendment.
The Establishment Clause and the Free
Exercise Clause in the First Amendment
embody the constitutional guarantee
of religious freedom from two different
perspectives. The Establishment Clause
focuses on the government's relationship
with religion. The Free Exercise Clause
focuses on the ability of groups and indi-



September 2017 - Parks & Recreation

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