September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 39

Gross Negligence
As described by the appeals court,
the state recreational use statute
provided as follows:
[I]f a person enters premises
owned, operated, or maintained by
a governmental unit and engages
in recreation on those premises, the
governmental unit does not owe to
the person a greater degree of care
than is owed to a trespasser on the
premises. A premises owner owes a
trespasser a common-law duty not
to injure that person willfully, wantonly, or through gross negligence.
As cited by the appeals court,
state courts and the state legislature
in Texas had defined gross negligence as follows:
[A]n act or omission which,
when viewed objectively from the

standpoint of the actor at the time
of its occurrence, involves an extreme degree of risk of which the
actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeds with conscious
indifference to the rights, safety, or
welfare of others.
As noted by the court, the city
did not challenge " Woodkins's allegation that the uncovered trench
in the sidewalk was unreasonably
dangerous. " The issue, however,
was whether this unreasonably
dangerous condition constituted
ordinary negligence or gross negligence.
According to the appeals court,
" actual knowledge " would distinguish gross negligence from or ordinary negligence:

According to the appeals court, to
establish the city's liability for gross
negligence under the state recreational
use statute, Woodkins would have
to prove a city employee had actual
knowledge of the premise defect.
[W]hat differentiates gross negligence from ordinary negligence
is the requirement that the governmental entity had 'actual knowledge' of the dangerous condition at
the time of the accident, not merely
of the possibility that a dangerous
condition could develop over time.
Moreover, the appeals court
acknowledged: " A recreational
plaintiff, such as Woodkins, may
therefore maintain a premise de-

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September 2018 - Parks & Recreation

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