September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 41

actual awareness of the trench's
uncovered condition " :
[The parks superintendent (Sefcik)] focused his affidavit on the
work requests that park staff and
patrons generated and Sefcik reviewed. But Sefcik did not discuss
generally what type of work was
done as routine maintenance and
what type of work required a request, nor did he address specifically
whether removal of the cover would
have generated a work request.
In the opinion of the appeals
court, this testimony did not address " who the crew member
was, what he did, or what he observed. " Accordingly, the appeals
court found this testimony did not
conclusively disprove the possibility that " a crew member removed
the drain cover for routine maintenance or saw that the cover had
been removed. "
Without clear evidence that the
city " lacked actual knowledge of
the drain cover's removal, " the appeals court found the trial court
had not erred in rejecting the city's
plea to dismiss Woodkins' lawsuit. In so doing, the appeals court
agreed with the trial court that the
pretrial record did not conclusively establish that the state recreational use statute precluded any
liability under the circumstances
of this case.

Conclusion
Having found the city had " failed
to conclusively negate actual
knowledge of the dangerous condition " posed by the open trench,
the appeals court affirmed the trial court's order denying the city's
plea for a pretrial dismissal of the
lawsuit based on the state recreational use statute. As a result, the

case would be subject to further
trial proceedings in which a jury
would likely determine whether
the city should be held liable for
gross negligence.

James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D., is an Attorney
and Associate Professor in the School of
Recreation, Health and Tourism at George Mason
University (jkozlows@gmu.edu). Webpage with
link to law review articles archive (1982 to
present): http://mason.gmu.edu/~jkozlows.

Enjoy...with
thePilotOutdoors
Rock Site Products
TM

A
ro
c
o
s
oﬀer hundreds of choices in styles,
sizes, features, materials and colors.

rd
u

r
e
iﬀ

Commercial quality products
able to withstand years of
use and exposure.

Built in the USA
since 1959.

1)3FMK@Q,E
" M
(LB{ " FDPMIDD(MT@
{NGJMRPMBIPHRFMK@Q
BMK{NGJMRPMBI
BMK

W W W. PA R K S A N D R E C R E AT I O N . O R G | S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 8 |

Parks & Recreation

39

September 2018 - Parks & Recreation

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of September 2018 - Parks & Recreation

September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 1
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 2
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 3
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 4
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 5
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 6
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 7
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 8
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 9
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 10
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 11
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 12
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 13
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 14
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 15
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 16
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 17
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 18
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 19
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 20
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 21
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 22
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 23
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 24
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 25
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 26
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 27
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 28
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 29
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 30
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 31
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 32
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 33
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 34
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 35
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 36
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 37
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 38
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 39
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 40
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 41
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 42
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 43
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 44
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 45
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 46
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 47
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 48
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 49
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 50
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 51
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 52
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 53
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 54
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 55
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 56
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 57
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 58
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 59
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 60
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 61
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 62
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 63
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 64
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 65
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 66
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 67
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 68
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 69
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 70
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 71
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 72
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 73
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 74
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 75
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 76
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 77
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 78
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 79
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 80
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 81
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 82
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 83
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 84
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 85
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 86
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 87
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 88
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 89
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 90
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 91
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 92
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 93
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 94
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 95
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 96
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 97
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 98
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 99
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 100
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 101
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 102
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 103
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 104
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 105
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 106
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 107
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 108
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 109
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 110
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 111
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 112
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 113
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 114
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 115
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 116
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 117
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 118
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 119
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 120
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 121
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 122
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 123
September 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 124
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2009
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com