Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 36
Li gh ti ng Te ch niques
research, "lead-free lead glass" was
patented by Philips and OSRAM
in Belgium during the 1980's as
Type "EMGO 360." This glass has
similar properties to traditional lead
glass, but doesn't contain lead (which
was replaced by barium and strontium compounds, other potentially
poisonous heavy metals). Also,
EMGO 360's sodium content was
higher than lead glass (Figure 1).
Know your glass
Due to recent unavailability of
lead glass, some neon-component
suppliers sell sodalime glass (a
glass similar to ordinary window
glass) as "lead-free glass." It's technically lead-free, but sodalime
glass also has completely different
properties than lead glass.
Why is the composition of the
glass so important for work safety?
The fires we use to heat glass before
or while bending are so hot that
some substances on the glass' surface are evaporated in the fire. The
flame evaporates some atoms, but
also ionizes (excites) atoms freed
from the glass. So, when these
atoms return to the energetic,
grounded state again, they give off
light as electrically ionized gas does
in neon tubes during operation.
Like rare gases used in neon
signs, every element put in a hot
flame lights up in colors characteristic to the element. This was
discovered by the German chemists
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860. This finding established the "spectral analysis" of
chemical compounds. Even before
their discovery, ancient Chinese
pyromaniacs used evaporating metal
salts to add colors to fireworks.
As with rare gases, some elements light up more brightly than
others, and some evaporate more
readily at a given temperature.
The most prominent element in
generating intense light in the fires
is sodium. It gives off the intense
yellow light that eminates from
some streetlights. Consequently,
lead glass containing few sodium
and other elements lighting up
in the visible range doesn't color
the flame as much as lead-free glass
36 SIGNS OF THE TIMES September 2016
Photo 2. Working lead glass (Corning 0010) in the fires - glass is clearly visible
due to the low flame.
Photo 3. Working lead-free EMGO 360 with an intense yellow flame due to the
glass' sodium content.
Photo 4. When viewed through a lens like those shown in the glasses on p. 34,
the yellow flame splash (visible in Photo 3) is diminished and the glass' shape is
clearly visible.
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Signs of the Times - September 2016
Signs of the Times - September 2016
Contents
ST Update
Technology Update
Best Practices for Wide-Format Design
Vinyl Apps
Strictly Commercial
Lighting Techniques
Moving Message
Technology Review
Technology Review
Design Matters
New Products
The 2016 Vehicle Graphics Contest
Sign Franchises Step Up Their Status
An LED Lamp Should Last … How Long?
Advertising Index
Editorially Speaking
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Intro
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - CT1
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - CT2
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Signs of the Times - September 2016
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - IBD_L
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - BD
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Cover2
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 1
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Contents
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 3
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 4
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 5
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 6
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 7
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - ST Update
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 9
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 10
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 11
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 12
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 13
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Technology Update
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 15
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Best Practices for Wide-Format Design
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 17
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Vinyl Apps
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 19
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 20
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 21
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 22
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 23
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Strictly Commercial
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 25
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 26
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 27
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 28
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 29
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 30
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 31
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 32
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 33
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Lighting Techniques
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 35
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 36
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 37
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 38
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 39
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 40
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 41
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Moving Message
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 43
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 44
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 45
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 46
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 47
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Technology Review
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 49
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Technology Review
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 51
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Design Matters
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 53
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 54
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 55
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - New Products
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 57
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 58
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 59
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 60
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 61
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 62
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 63
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 64
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 65
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 66
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 67
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 68
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - The 2016 Vehicle Graphics Contest
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 70
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 71
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 72
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 73
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 74
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 75
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 76
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 77
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 78
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 79
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 80
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 81
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 82
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 83
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 84
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 85
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 86
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 87
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Sign Franchises Step Up Their Status
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 89
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - An LED Lamp Should Last … How Long?
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 91
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 92
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 93
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 94
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 95
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 96
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 97
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 98
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 99
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 100
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 101
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 102
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 103
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 104
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 105
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 106
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 107
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 108
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 109
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 110
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 111
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 112
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 113
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 114
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 115
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 116
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 117
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - 118
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Advertising Index
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Editorially Speaking
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Cover3
Signs of the Times - September 2016 - Cover4
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