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maximum size its aperture will open to let in light (f/1.4).
The focal length is the distance from the optical center of the
lens to the film plane where an image is formed when focused at
infinity.
The aperture is the hole that controls the amount of light
passing through the lens. There are a prescribed series of aperture
sizes, each with a different numeric value. When these sets of
values are derived by using a mathematical ratio between the size
of the hole and the focal length of the lens, they are called f-stops.
When these values are calibrated by measuring the light transmitted
through the lens, they are called T-stops. Each of these values
has the same function of describing the change in the amount of
light from one stop to another. Each stop change either doubles
or halves the light. Both f- and T-stops are the same for our
purpose. These numbers have been standardized and their full
value has been rounded off to the following numbers we see
engraved on our lens. Starting at the biggest hole and proceeding
to the smallest hole, they are: 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16 and 22.
Every lens has a set of characteristics. Its angle of view is how
much the lens sees of both its horizontal and vertical angles. Its
depth of field is the distance between points nearest to and
farthest from the camera that look sharp. To get more depth of
field: 1. use a smaller format, 2. smaller aperture, 3. shorter focal
length, 4. move the point of focus farther from camera. For less
depth of field: 1. use a larger format, 2. bigger aperture, 3. longer
focal length, 4. move the point of focus closer to camera. The
lens's perspective drawing shows the three-dimensional relationship
of the depth between objects in the frame. These characteristics
work together and can be altered for dramatic effect by
using lenses with different focal lengths.
The normal lens is one that creates a perspective similar to
human vision so that the depth between objects appears as a
human would see it. Each film size or format has a corresponding
normal lens, which is said to have a focal length equal to the diagonal
of the format. In full-aperture 35mm motion-picture
photography, the normal lens's focal length is about 32mm, and
in the 16mm format it's about 13mm.
Lenses with a focal length of less than normal are called
either short or wide-angle lenses. Lenses with a greater-thannormal
focal length are called long or telephoto lenses. When
placed side by side, the wide-angle lens sees more area at the same
distance than a normal lens. The long lens sees less area at this
distance than either the wide-angle or normal lenses.

Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition

Contents
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - Cover1
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - Cover2
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - i
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Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - iii
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - Contents
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Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - Cover3
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 4th Edition - Cover4
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