AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 100

P&E

100 | 

ADS-B

5-nautical-mile aircraft separation using
space-based ADS-B. Nav Canada will require
1090 MHz extended squitter (1090ES)
ADS-B (the international standard; only
the United States allows 978MHz universal access transceivers, and then only below
Flight Level 180) compliant with RTCA
DO-260B after January 1, 2024, although
DO-260 or DO-260A can be used until then.
Nav Canada's Phase 1 would include all
airspace above 18,000 feet msl, beginning
January 1, 2021. On January 1, 2022, Phase
2 would add Class B airspace. (Canada's
Class B extends from 12,500 feet msl up to
but not including 18,000 feet msl.) Phase 3
is less defined, expanding ADS-B as needed
to "specific controlled airspace, en route or
at an airport, starting no sooner than 2023."
A significant challenge for lighter GA
aircraft is that only three ADS-B transponders currently support antenna
diversity-the Garmin GTX 33D ES and
GTX 330D ES, and the L3 Commercial
Aviation Lynx NGT-9000. (Non-diversity
GTX 33ES and GTX330 ES models can be

modified at the factory to include antenna
diversity; a software unlock adds the capability to non-diversity NGT-9000s.)
Nav Canada said the ADS-B Out performance requirements were determined
after assessing issues and concerns raised by
stakeholders, and that the proposed mandate
would harmonize with U.S. and European
ADS-B Out mandates. However, only the relatively small fleet of aircraft equipped with
traffic alert and collision avoidance systems
(TCAS II) have antenna diversity; neither the
United States nor Europe has mandated the
diversity capability as part of ADS-B.
Rune Duke, AOPA senior director of airspace and air traffic, was quick to point out
that Transport Canada has not yet approved
Nav Canada's request. "AOPA is continuing
to work with COPA, the Canadian Owners
and Pilots Association, to advocate for only
justifiable airspace and equipage mandates.
The diversity requirement would be significant if it was approved by Transport
Canada. And as Nav Canada expands its
mandate to lower airspace, around 2023,

we can expect a diversity requirement to
affect more U.S. and Canadian GA."
Few small GA aircraft are equipped with
TCAS II, Duke said. No current Canadian or
U.S. regulation requires private operators to
equip with it, although International Civil
Aviation Organization rules require that
all turbine-powered airplanes with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of more
than 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg) or authorized to carry more than 30 passengers, with
an individual airworthiness certificate first
issued after Jan. 1, 2007, be equipped with
an airborne collision avoidance system.
"Nav Canada is still analyzing whether
a low-altitude diversity requirement is warranted, and Transport Canada has yet to
approve the initial phases of the rule that
would govern the higher altitudes," Duke said.
"We are staying closely involved in this effort."
COPA expects further validation
of bottom-only signal reception, said
Bernard Gervais, COPA president and
CEO. "There haven't been enough tests to
determine if the bottom-mounted antenna

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AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019

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