Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - 21
Summerjq48
85
Arab conquest in 634 A.D.,when the defeat of the Byzantine army removed the old controls.
The invading Arab was the brother of the Arab nomad
and lacked reasons for maintaining defences against him.
Forts in these southern lands were no longer manned and
military precautions were discarded. Slowly the desert
reasserted itself, against the laboriously-won farmlands.
Slowly the goat and camel denuded the countryside. Cityfolk and farmers alike abandoned the province and moved
northward to seek new fortunes in areas of greater fertility
and population. The process of deterioration was a slow
one, but within three centuries of the conquest the cycle
had been completed; the Negeb lay quiescent in the hot
sun of the Arabian desert, its fields and orchards gone, its
towns in ruins.
The
Era
of Prosperity
The era of prosperity- that is, the five centuries between
106 a.D. and 634 a.D.- saw the development of several
good-sized towns containing populations which varied
from 6,000 persons in the smaller ones to possibly 20,000
in the largest. Auja el Hafir (then named Nessana),
Abda (Eboda), Sbeita (Sobata), Khalasa (Elousa),
Kyrnub (Mampis), Ruheiba, and three small settlements
at Ain el Gudeirat, Bir Birein and Mishrifa all date
from this era. The exact history of these desert towns is
not yet known, though it may be safe to generalize about
them from the results of the archaeological discoveries at
Auja el Hafir and Sbeita. The former site unexpectedly
produced a great number of papyrus records, a rare find
which has thrown considerable light on the daily life of
those times.
In appearance the towns generally resembled one
another. Each was enclosed by a wall formed merely by
conjoining the backs of houses, and presenting no real
obstacle to any kind of determined attack. As a defense,
however, against the pounce-and-run kind of raid made
by the marauding Bedouin it presented an adequate barrier.
Large and carèfully-built forts were found at Auja el
Hafir, Kurnub and Abda, and it is safe to assume that
they contained permanent garrisons, as these towns were
on the main caravan routes and were probably important
stations. But it is doubtful if, at the time when these
forts were built (during the later years of the Byzantine
occupation), troops were needed for any heavier duty than
routine patrolling. The small modern police posts stationed today in south Palestine and Sinai must perform
very much the same function, as their forces ride out on
regular tours of the countryside from their permanent stations, two of which are actually placed at Auja el Hafir
and Kurnub. The impression that these Byzantine forts
were meant to be places of temporary refuge, rather than
housings for large garrisons, is strengthened by the absence of elaborate arrangements within the forts, which
are very often simply large empty squares into which, conceivably, a crowd of people could be gathered for safekeeping while the armed protectors routed the bandits.
Another aspect common to the appearance of these towns
was that all were built of stone which was cut out of the
Figure i. Standing isolated in the rocky trough of a broad wadi, the ruins of Sbeita,the ByzanTINESOBATA,
STILLDOMINATE
THEDESERT
LANDSCAPE.
THISVIEWOFTHENORTH
ENDOFTHETOWN
SHOWS
REMAINS
OFSIXTH-CENTURY
A.D.PRIVATE
HOUSES.
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - June 1948
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - 5
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Archaeology Magazine - June 1948 - Cover3
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