Archaeology Magazine - September 1961 - 59
Ephesus
continued
was probably made and erected in the course of the later
Roman imperial period. It was certainly only one of
numerous replicas of the statue of the ancient patron .
goddess of the city which were set up during the course
of time in the vicinity of the town hall ( prytaneion) and
the adjacent Hestia precinct. Every large museum today
has one or more examples of the type. The block-like,
archaizing character of this statue is varied by protomeš
of animals, which characterize the goddess as "Mistress
of Animals." The egg-like objects just above her waist,
formerly considered as multiple female breasts, are now
correctly interpreted as ostrich eggs decorating her garment. Ostrich eggs, as a symbol of fertility, may still be
found today in nearly every Greek village church. Unfortunately the goddess' mural crown is missing, as are
also the deer which once stood beside her (their hooves
alone are preserved) and the supports for her outstretched hands, which must have rested on the basketshaped bases which are still preserved. The sculptural
ornament is, however, still very rich: on the nimbus
around the goddess' face are bull-headed and lion-headed
griffins, while in low relief on her breastplate are horai
(seasons) and ritkat (victories) surrounded by a collar of
seeds or grain, and below this the signs of the zodiac.
Beneath the three rows of ostrich eggs are protomes of
lions, winged griffins, does and cattle. On the sides her
garment is decorated with winged female figures, rosettes
and bees, in low relief. Many traces of the original
gilding can be seen on the figure.
This statue was deliberately buried, in a manner similar to that of the korai (maidens) on the Acropolis of
Athens after it was damaged by the Persians. When, in
the Christian era, the Hestia sanctuary was used for
other purposes, so much respect and awe was shown for
the "dead deity" that she was buried with the same honors as a deceasedperson.
In the new excavation site between the theater and
the Odeum we also found the thermae (baths) which
were erected toward the end of the fourth century by a
Christian woman named Scholastikia who also had them
restored (Figure 4). For this purpose she used part of
the hall of Hestia, the porch of which was largely transferred here. Various parts of the building bear inscriptions of the earlier religious society of the Curetes, thus
giving evidence of its origin. This bathing establishment
covers an area of fourteen thousand square meters; it
has two caldaria (hot rooms), a sweat-room (sudatorium), a massage chamber, etc. The rooms of the upper
story have marble and mosaic floors and once had
painted walls.
For the history of the Roman bath Ephesus is a useful
source. Right up to the Byzantine era new thermae were
being built in this city, where sports and bathing were
so popular. Between the theater and the stadium, at the
foot of the Panajir Dag, a bath was built some time after
500 (Figure 5). This establishment consisted of a portico across the entrance, similar to the narthex of a
Byzantine building, and a domed circular hall with wide
niches at the corners; its outer form is, however, nearly
a square. These rooms suggest mosques or even Turkish
baths, and the whole installation forms a valuable connecting link between the Roman and the Turkish bath.
The rooms provided for gymnastics in the earlier gymnasia become smaller here and are gradually eliminated,
while the cold-water baths are omitted; however, there
always remained halls and recesses for conversations,
lectures and discussions. The hall previously used for the
imperial cult was replaced by a Christian chapel.
On the main street, which leads past the theater
toward the south and then branches toward the east,
other interesting edifices have been located and excavated. These adjoin the library of Celsus, previously uncovered, a magnificent building at the first corner toward
the southeast. Its excellent state of preservation has made
it possible to form a concrete idea of the appearance
both of the façade and of the interior with its galleries
and built-in bookcases (Figures 6,7).
Most of the newly discovered buildings in this
quarter were built at the same time and, later, restored
simultaneously. Under the emperor Trajan a richly
adorned fountain, decorated with statues, was erected
beside the site of the later baths of Scholastikia. It is
similar to the well known nymphaeum of Miletus, with
its many-niched rear wall. In the center stood a statue of
the emperor, twice life-size. It cannot be said, however,
that this structure stood in the best neighborhood, for
immediately beside it was the city's public brothel and a
latrine. This association seemed to have disturbed neither
the Roman inhabitants nor the emperors, for a few
steps farther on there was a small but fine temple erected
in honor of the emperor Hadrian (Figure 8). So much
of its architecture has been preserved that it can now be
reconstructed (Figure 9). Although the building was
later restored, we believe that the semicircular arch above
211
Archaeology Magazine - September 1961
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - September 1961
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September 1961 - Cover1
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