Archaeology Magazine - June 1962 - 66

mary of the story of the discovery of
the Scrollsand a descriptionof the site
of the monastery and its buildings.
But the chief interest of the author is
in describing the economic life of
the community, the much discussed
"Teacher of Righteousness" and the
manner in which doctrines were put
into action by the community.The relation of the men of Qumran to Christianity and the Essenesreceivesspecial
attention.
More than half of the book is devoted to translation of selected texts.
Here the author shows his unusual
ability in transferring the original language into simple and intelligibleEnglish, so that the translation can convey
to the modern reader the thought and
the literary quality of the texts.
I. Keyfitz
MissouriSchoolof Religion

ufacture as well as distribution of hook ment. The hut age of Rome continued
forms. Further comment is offered on until about 575; therefore the conthe relation of distribution to materials quests and foreign expansionattributed
used in fishhook manufacture and the by history to Rome in the seventh
effect of materials on the size and type century are anachronisms.
of hooks.
Professor Bloch challenges the date
The study concludeswith a compre- usually given for the end of Etruscan
hensive treatment of the chronological power in Rome. He argues that the
sequence of hooks from the island of Etruscans did not leave until about
Hawaii over an uninterrupted span of 475, maybe as late as 450, that Etrusfifteen hundred years. The sequence can leaders were on hand in the early
reveals a pattern of gradual change, years of the Republic and continued
regardless of the specific features an- "to support the plebs against the landed
alyzed.Radiocarbondates securedfrom proprietors of Latin stock." The end of
excavationson Hawaii, along with de- the Etruscans' influence came in 474
tailed records of finds in relation to when they were defeated by Cumae.
levels, provide the basis for the chro- According to Bloch, ancient historians
nology. Fishhook yields from sites on have given an oversimplification of
other Hawaiian islands are as yet not this crucial period of Roman
history
sufficientfor similar chronologies,but by combining the departure of the
it is believed that other chronological Etruscans with a change of governstudies will prove comparable.
ment. Archaeologists may find addiA list of the most important radio- tional support for this theory but at
carbon dates for the Hawaiian Islands the present time the evidence is not
KENNETH
P.
strong enough to justify it.
FISHHOOKS,
EMORY, is included in the report.
by
The concluding chapter, "The LanRoland W. Force
William J. Bonk and Yosihiko H.
Sinoto. 45 pages, 25 figures, 6 plates. ChicagoNatural History Museum
guage, Law and Religion of Primitive
Rome," is the most readable but it
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu 1959
contains little that is new.
(Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special
THEORIGINSOF ROME,by RAYMOND
Doris M. Taylor
Publication,47) $2.50
Wheat
on
Bloch.
212
22
60
College
pages,
figures,
plates.
We have come to expect publications
of high scientificquality from Kenneth Frederick A. Praeger, New York (Ancient Peoples and Places, 15) I960
Emory and his associates. This small
THEARCHAEOLOGY
OF THELOWER
TAPAvolume is no exception.Until 1950 lit- $6.50
BRAZIL,
tle significantexcavationhad been carThe primary value of this book lies JÓS VALLEY,
by HELENCONried out in the Hawaiian Islands. Since in its synthesis of the results of recent STANCEPalmatary. 243 pages, 12
that time, under the direction of Dr. studies in archaeology,linguistics,epig- figures, 121 plates, 6 maps. American
Emory and the sponsorship of the raphy and comparative religious his- PhilosophicalSociety,PhiladelphiaI960
Bernice P. Bishop Museum and the tory pertaining to the story of early (Transactions, New Series, Vol. 50,
University of Hawaii, systematic in- Rome, that is, from prehistoric Italy Part 3) $5.00
In 1939 Miss Palmatary published a
vestigations have resulted in a much to the early years of the fifth century.
expanded knowledgeof Hawaiian pre- Professor Bloch points out that con- study of Tapajó pottery. In the ensuhistory. This publication is the first de- temporary scholars see the develop- ing twenty-one years the study of the
tailed report, based on nine years of ment of Rome as a part of the history prehistory of the New World has made
of Italy and that they believe a solid numerous advances, both in factual
survey work and excavation.
Out of the plethora of archaeologi- core of historical reality lies behind knowledge and in
methodology for
cal materials recovered,fishhookscom- the legendary traditions.
analysis of artifactual materials. This
The cultural level of eighth-century expanded study of the
prise "in the absence of pottery, the
fascinating and
most promising means of tracing the Rome, he shows, was comparable to complex ceramics of the
Santarém reancient culture through artifacts." This that of Iron Age settlementsin the Al- gion of the Amazon Basin is remarkreport, which classifies and describes ban Hills and the plain of Latium. ably free of any influence from these
Hawaiian fishhooksin general, is based The existenceof two forms of care for advances. The bibliography indicated
on the analysis of more than four the dead in early Rome, inhumation that Miss Palmatary has read
thousand specimens from thirty-three and cremation, does not imply that in the post-1939 literature, butwidely
such
excavationson Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, different ethnic groups were living on reading seems to have had a
negligible
Lanai, Kahoolawe and Maui. It pro- the site from its very beginnings;these effect on her approach to archaeologivides brief descriptionsof sites, a well forms can be attributed to different cal problems.
illustrated section on fishhook nomen- cultural influencesfrom the Osco-UmIt is easy to carp at the disappointclature, including suggested terminol- brian area and Etruria. Literary rec- ing features of this work. These are
ogy and a classificationkey, which will ords, however, support the idea of the most evident in the long section on
be useful to others working in Oceanic presence of two different peoples, "Stylistic Analysis." The ceramic dearchaeology,and information on man- Latin and Sabine, in the early settle- scription is too long and dull to be of
138

Archaeology Magazine - June 1962

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - June 1962