Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 9
Kingdom in the construction of the pyramid of the
first King of Dynasty XII, Amenemhat I (Figure 10) .
There is good reason to believe that a large part of
the decorated walls of the Cheops temple were
pulled down and carried off to Lisht. (The Lisht
reliefs are at present in process of publication; their
contents, although known to a few specialists, are
not yet generally available.)
Perhaps we can reach some understanding of the
stylistic development by examining the stela of
Wepemnofret and comparing it with the work immediately preceding and following it. First, however,
we should consider briefly another matter which tends
to trouble the modern mind. The religious beliefs
reflected in the architecture at Giza and in its decoration seem to us to present conflicting elements. The
unprecedented height of the Great Pyramid is thought
to express the soaring concept of an ascent to the
celestial realms. The people recognized in their king,
the living Horus, the Great God who would rule after
death as one of the indestructible stars that remained
always on view in the night sky. On the other hand,
the structure's huge stone mass embodies the more
prosaic idea of preserving the earthly body in order
that the spirit might return to it at will. A more
permanent substitute for the body was provided in
the form of a statue and, against the chance of man's
neglect in furnishing food and drink in royal temple
and private chapel, pictures of these necessities were
carved on the walls. Basically, it was sufficient to list
such things in the inscriptions as long as the name
and titles of the owner were carefully recorded, as
well as those of his family and retainers who were to
share in his benefits. Such inscriptions and offering
lists occupy the greater part of the space on Wepemnofres slab-stela. The individual hieroglyphs are
drawn so beautifully that we are conscious primarily
of their pictorial quality.
We are first impressed by the fresh, clear tones of
the color and the sure, delicate lines. We then begin
to realize that in addition to the fine rendering of details such as the feathering of the owl's wing there is
also an attempt at impressionism, as in the use of
brush strokes to suggest texture on the frog hieroglyph,
and the use of a wash deepening from pale yellow
to orange on the body of the quail chick (Cover).
A peculiar purplish brown is employed for the halfloaves of bread on the table and for the sign for a
whole loaf beneath it. A lingering archaic feature is
the absence of blue pigment ; this is generally replaced
by gray or black in most IVth Dynasty work, although
we now know that blue was occasionallyused as early
as Dynasty I. Green is applied sparingly along with
the red and yellow.
The color scheme is, then, rather sober, with especially delicate brushwork in the areas of gray paint
on birds and fish. An impression of slightly stiff precision is accentuated by the gray dividing lines which
separate the inscription and the lists of linen and
other offerings. This strongly rectilinear scheme is
continued by the seated figure with its broad shoulders and simple treatment of body and limbs (Figures
1, 11). The very low table contributes to this effect.
All the details are executed in relief so low that it is
largely obscured by the paint. Nevertheless the whole
retains something of the proportions and broadly conceived outlines which were characteristic of the preceding reign of Sneferu, when they were carried out
in bold, flat carving which stood out from the background to a much greater extent.
In the second half of the reign of Cheops, shortly
after the slab-stelae were made, the sculptor finally
achieved a satisfactory adjustment between the modeling and the outlines of his figures as well as between
the raised surface and the background. This is apparent whether the carving is in very low relief, as on
the walls of the Cheops Temple (Figure 10) and in a
few chapels of the princely tombs (Figures 12, 13),
or employs the higher projection favored by the
master craftsman who designed the wall decorations
of Khufu-khaf (Figure 9). The slightly altered proportions of the figures, the drawing of their outlines
and the subtle surface modeling are the same in these
two methods of carving. In fact, one gains an almost
identical impression from the low relief inscriptions
on a Cheops block from Lisht (Figure 10) and that
carved above Khufu-khaf (Figure 14), whose chapel
provides the best example of the use of higher relief.
The higher projection of the surface can better be
seen when the figure of the prince (Figure 9) is compared with the very low carving of the heads of the
Princess Merytyetes (Figure 12) and Prince Hemiunu
(Figure 13). However, in both cases we find that the
mature IVth Dynasty style has achieved a classic balance, whether it employs one or the other of these
technical means. The same maturity is to be sensed
in the sculpture in the round.
The characteristic of archaic work in sculptured relief is certainly the uneasy tension between broadly
9
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - March 1963
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 6
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 8
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 9
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 20
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 22
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 24
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 26
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 28
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 32
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 36
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 38
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 40
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 42
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 44
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 48
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 51
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Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 55
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 57
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 58
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 59
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 60
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 61
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 62
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 63
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 64
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 65
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 66
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 67
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 68
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 69
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 70
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 71
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 72
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 73
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 74
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 75
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 76
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 77
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - 78
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - March 1963 - Cover4
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