Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 29
surprising, therefore, that most of the dental
bridges to survive antiquity come from Etruscan
sites. The comments of Cato the Elder (234-149 b.c.)
and later of Pliny the Elder (a.d. 23/24-79) show
that the tradition of manufacturing utility items such
as pots and pans extended over a long period of
time at Capua. Under these circumstances it is easy
to see how this wooden leg- certainly a utility
item- came to be decorated and protected in bronze
sheeting.
In fact, the leg's sheeting closely resembles a
greave, that item of military hardware used to protect
the shin. I suspect that the sheeting is actually
modeled on the greave and that its creation was
prompted by it. Whether this is true or not, the craftsmanship that went into the Capua limb and into
the dental appliances we have cited, strongly suggests
that their manufacturers were not medical personnel but people with real expertise in working metal
and wood. If craftsmen and not physicians were
responsible for the creation of artificial parts, this
might explain why they are never mentioned in
medical texts.
Ihe Capua limb was unique in that it represented
the only survival from the Classical period of a
genuine artificial limb in the modern sense of the
word; that is, it was meant to resemble the lost
part as well as to compensate for it functionally. Without it we would have no evidence that limbs of this
type existed in the Classical period. We do not, after
all, know what Marcus Sergius Silus' iron hand
looked like ; it may have been no more than a hook. We
are equally ignorant about the appearance of Hegesistratus' wooden foot; it replaced only part of his
foot at that. And, of course, the story of Lucian's
rich man may be complete fiction. The only other certain representation of an artificial limb in the Classical period occurs on a fragment of pottery made
during the Roman period. Found in Paris in 1862, it
depicts among other things a seated lyre player
who has compensated for the loss of his lower right leg
with a simple peg leg, hardly a match for the Capua
prosthesis.
How did the Capua leg- and by extension similar
Classical artificial limbs- function? The limb consisted of a wooden core with a thin bronze covering.
Since the bronze is reported to have projected above
what was left of the wooden core by about 15 centimeters, or six inches, on either end of the leg,
it seems that the core was hollowed out at top and
bottom to contain the stump of the calf and its attendant padding at the top and whatever was used to
substitute for a foot at the bottom. Because the core
was hollowed in this way, the thin wood at the
core's extremities had rotted away, leaving only the
bronze covering in those areas.
Attached to the leg at its upper extremity were a
number of iron rods with holes at their free ends.
At least one can still be seen in place in some of the
surviving illustrations. The remains of at least
one, but probably several other, such rods survive
only in a fragmentary state. Clearly these "eyed" rods
were used to keep the leg in place. Strips of some
material, now lost, must have been fastened to the
eyes and then linked with some part of the body
above. A waistband of bronze sheeting also found on
the skeleton has been thought to have played a
role in attaching the leg. If so, it cannot have been the
primary means of support. Strips of a material such
as leather running from the waistband to the eyed
rods simply would not have been sufficient to keep
the prosthesis in place.
The modern procedure is to attach an artificial leg
at the nearest possible point of purchase. Someone
who has lost a leg at mid-calf, as did the owner of the
Capua leg, would suspend its artificial replacement from the thigh. In some cases, a strap may also
run from a waistband to the prosthesis as an additional means of support. One cannot depend exclusively on a waistband and, in many instances, one
does without it altogether. For this reason, it is necessary to suppose that some sort of thigh apparatus
was used to attach the Capua leg. If the bronze waistband played any role at all, it was secondary.
The hollow area at the base of the leg must have
accommodated whatever was used as a foot. Because no trace of a foot was discovered, it has been
suggested that the foot was of wood and decayed.
Another theory is that it was of precious metal and
therefore was not placed in the grave, or even that
it was placed in the grave and then stolen by tomb robbers. A quadrilateral piece of iron was found near
the lower end of the leg, however, and this, kept
in place by a bit of padding, may have provided sufficient reinforcement and support. It would have
been easier to "rock" on a peg of this type and thus to
perambulate than to do so on something which
looked like a real foot but which could never function
like one. Modern prostheses similar to the type
from Capua do feature a real foot, but such feet are
made up of cushion-like material that allows for
proper locomotion (called the S ACH or Solid Ankle
Cushion Heel). Such materials were, of course, unavailable in fourth-century Capua.
All in all, it is not clear how functional the Capua
limb was. If the stump of the calf took most of the
pressure during standing or walking (and not the
knuckle of the knee as in modern times ), or if, as seems
likely, the leg was incapable of being fastened securely, its owner surely spent a lot of time sitting. And
he probably walked with a cane or crutch when he
did walk. In short, we should probably be conservative in our estimates of the leg's functionality. On
the other hand, the owner of the leg must have cut
something of a fashionable figure. His artificial
limb was designed with an eye to the real thing, and
the glint of the bright Italian sun on the then deep
gold of his leg's bronze covering must have made a
splendid impression. Is it too much to suspect
that he was probably not the shy, retiring type?
Obviously, the Capua leg is only one example of
how people coped with handicaps in antiquity. To
judge by the contents of his grave, the owner of this
particular limb was undoubtedly a person of some
means, and not everyone owned such a fine device.
The average person probably had to settle for simple
arrangements like peg legs. But this limb- and
the dental appliances that survived over thousands
of years- provide a rare glimpse into a very human
and even inspiring aspect of existence.
1983 29
September/October
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 6
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 8
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 9
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 20
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 22
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 24
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 26
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 28
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 32
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 36
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 38
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 40
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 42
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 44
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 48
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 51
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 52
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 55
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 57
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 58
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 59
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 60
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 61
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 62
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 63
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 64
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 65
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 69
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 71
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 73
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 74
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 75
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 76
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - 80
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1983 - Cover4
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