Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 37

Roman fort in Jordan. Some 56 meters square, this
fort consists of ranges of rooms built around a central courtyard. Four enormous towers of three stories
each project from the corners, and two smaller
towers flank the main gate. A Latin building inscription, still in situ in the gateway, attests to the fact
that Bshir was built in A.D. 306, precisely the same
period as Lejjün. Soundings have produced pottery and coins which confirm this date. Some of the
architectural and artifactual evidence suggests
that the fort may have been garrisoned by a cavalry
unit. Like Fityan and Yasser, however, Bshir was
abandoned before the end of the fifth century.
The most significant evidence of garrison life on
the Limes Arabiens comes from the excavations
which are ongoing at Lejjün. What makes this site
so important to an understanding of garrison life
on the Roman border is that the large well-fortified
fortress constitutes only the center of a whole complex zone, one comprising an extensive civilian settlement, or vicus, which grew up around the fortress.
This vicus is an especially rich source of information since it was a typical feature of Roman military
establishments, and supplied the local garrison
with various services and housed discharged veterans, merchants and the families of soldiers.
Moreover, a survey of the Wadi Lejjün has
revealed a complex system of hydrological features,
including a dam to conserve the precious outflow

of the spring, six watermills and several water channels. Although the dating of these features remains inconclusive, the watermills may well reflect
the agricultural activities of the garrison, inasmuch as Roman law of the early fifth century stipulated that frontier soldiers were to grow a portion
of their rations on assigned lands around their forts.
It may well be that by this time, the troops at
Lejjün had been transformed from full-time soldiers
into a peasant militia; but such a conclusion
must await further excavations within the fortress
The richness of the evidence at Lejjün may
enable us, in time, to answer a whole range of questions about the diet, the nature of the military equipment, the style of life, and even the religious beliefs
of the soldiers who were garrisoned there. It is
known already that the legionary diet included such
plants as barley, dates, grapes, olives, and lentils.
The most common meat animals were sheep and
goat, followed by chicken, cow and pig. Unlike
some Roman frontiers, such as the one in Britain,
where uenatores or professional hunters supplemented the meat diet with wild game, the soldiers
living in this section of the Limes Arabicus relied solely on domesticated animals for meat. Dung
appears to have been the most widely used fuel,
although wood, reeds and sedges were also exploited.
Evidence of a substantial metal- working industry appeared in the courtyard of the centurion's quarters, and a group of pits contained iron slag and a
number of metal objects, including spearpoints,
blades and nails.
The fortress itself is a rectangular structure
measuring 242 by 190 meters and covering an area of
4.6 hectares, or 11 acres. Built, again, around
a.D. 300 of locally quarried limestone, chert and basalt, the fortress was protected by a massive enclosure wall 2.4 meters thick and supplemented by 24
projecting towers. The general plan and many of
the major features of the fortress were recognized by
early European explorers who visited the site in
the late nineteenth century. Aerial photographs, first
taken in the 1930s, added to earlier knowledge of
the fortress to the extent that, when the current excavations began in 1980, the members of the Project had the rare luxury of knowing the identity of most
of the structures within the fort even before a
spade had touched the ground. Excavation within
the fortress has thus far concentrated on the headquarters building, a barracks block, and a sector
of the fortifications- all in accordance with the Project's guiding plan, which is to sample each component of the fortifications as well as to investigate
the buildings in the interior. The enclosure wall
itself, one of the four circular corner towers, one of
the 20 U-shaped interval towers, and a gateway
each will be systematically studied.
The site is located some 35 kilometers east
of the Dead Sea on the Moabite plateau in an area
of rejuvenated drainage with deep wadis that eventually flow into the Dead Sea. Lejjün is situated
in a shallow valley formed by the Wadi Lejjün
-whose name has long been thought to be a corrupted form of the Latin word for "legion." That the
fortress was garrisoned by legio IV Martia , the
1984
September/October

37



Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984

Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - 6
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1984 - Cover3
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