Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 67

l^

Sg^KrwS^9NM^B^B^Ba^B^BÍHB^B^H^HÍHi^BA^HM

Americans will have little cause to celebrate
this event. If their ancestors are remembered
at all, it will probably be for their minor role
in a predominantly Western drama.
No question, the exploration and settlement of North America was a remarkable
and complex chapter in world history. No
question, either, that many compelling and
larger-than-life people played the roles of
heroes and villains in the story- the Admití

I

Í& V 'J

~

~

"
j
ral of the Ocean Sea is but the first of these
remarkable individuals. However, the popular penchant for historical heroes, for thinking of history in terms of individuals and
their deeds, is both myopic and simplistic
in the extreme.
The early exploration and colonization of
North America brought Renaissance Europe
in contact with an extraordinary diversity
of Native American cultures, none of which
had achieved the social, political, and economic sophistication of Western civilization.
And what a diversity - everything from simple hunter- gatherer bands and big- game
hunters, to coastal tribes subsisting on sea
mammals and fish, to elaborate chiefdoms
presiding over sizable territories.
From the very beginning, an unbridgeable chasm separated the European and the

Native American, a chasm not only of language but of incompatible cultural values
and world views. Native American societies
were based on notions of community, mutual
obligation and reciprocity, and on close ties
of kin. They were societies with complex religious beliefs, with symbolic world views
that were radically different from those of
Europeans. As such, they were ill-equipped
to resist the onslaught of a highly individualistic, technologically superior civilization.
Inevitably, they were exploited, decimated by
exotic diseases, had their lands seized, and
their traditional cultures transformed beyond
recognition. The survivors became serfs and
slaves, or at best a subordinate, often tan, gential, element in the new social order.
From the very moment pf Columbus's dis¡
I covery, European scholars puzzled over the
I origin and diversity of Native American society. Their puzzlement was born both of in! tellectual curiosity and of a need to establish
; the relationship between the Native Amerij can and the events of Biblical history, among
t them, the wanderings of the Ten Lost Tribes
of Israel. Inevitably, too, the first romantic
I
visions
of the Native Americans were casualJ
ties of profound disillusionment. New visions
of
and savagery. And,
I3emerged primitiveness
as
into
the interior and
Europeans expanded
;
encountered resistance, the Native AmeriColumbusbids
cans were viewed as troublemakers and vilto
lains, the enemy of a remote, ever-changing
farewell
Ferdinand and
frontier. Their centuries-long clash with
Isabella of Spain, explorers, missionaries, and settlers created
in this romantic
enduring stereotypes of Native Americans
late sixteenththat not only translated into racist policies
century engraving. and attitudes, but caused the indigenous
themselves to become footnotes of American
history; the benighted assumption was that
they had nothing to offer history.
Reluctant as one is to admit it, the 12,000
years of North America's past prior to
Columbus are still regarded as irrelevant
to mainstream American history. Without
question, this is because the vast majority
of Americans have no direct cultural identification with Precolumbian North American
societies. They perceive their roots as belonging in Europe and in European and
1990 33
January/February



Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990

Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 6
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Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover4
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