Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 73
cially devastating to a traditional society,
leading to the fragmentation of hitherto
powerful chiefdoms into much smaller, less
centralized societies. It may be possible,
one day, to chronicle population movements
from distributions of archaeological sites
and through studies of mass graves dating
- r*from epidemics.
r
Marvin
Smith
has used settlement
patterns and recovered European arti^
facts to study sites f /v
'
=
in the Georgia and J
|j
J
Alabama piedmont. I
He has found that '
from 1525 to 1565, '
items c:..'c.
a
European
received in trade
served as prestigious
~
^ 1
objects and were often buried with
-J
the Native American elite. After
1600, the pattern
'^rmUb^-y^Tnt
- Wz*^
changed as the elite !
lost power and European goods became more A 1621 engraving
portrays Columbus
commonplace, serving a more utilitarian
Traditional
of
shell
the Navigator
beads
purpose.
styles
and gorgets were replaced by brass and glass with the toolsof his
trade, alongside
equivalents; ground-stone axes gave way to
iron tools. Only native pottery remained
a globe depicting
both the Old and
unchanged.
Time and time again, the archaeologist
New Worlds.
offers a minute portrait, not necessarily of
the grand events of the post-Columbian
era, but of small changes and telling adjustments. Nowhere are these perspectives more
exciting than in La Florida, the Hispanic
Southeast. Calvin Jones, for example, discovered De Soto's winter encampment beneath downtown Tallahassee, and excavations there have revealed many details of
the Spaniards' first winter in North America (see Archaeology,
May/June 1989).
Kathleen Deagan has uncovered both sixteenth- and eighteenth-century St. Augustine, a tiny settlement founded in 1565 on a
strategic inlet overlooking the treasure-ship
route up the Gulf Stream. By 1600, about
36 Archaeology
425 people living in 120 households dwelt
in the town. They lived in thatched houses
laid out in blocks on a rigid master plan
prescribed by distant government decree.
The excavations have revealed a highly
structured, conservative settlement where
"Spanishness" was valued, an adaptive strategy to survive within the colonial system.
But at the domestic level, the Spanish material culture was being modified, for intermarriage appears to have introduced new
foods and domestic artifacts into many
households. In the case of St. Augustine
and other La Florida settlements, historical
records reveal little of the complex interactions between Spanish and Native Américain
neighbors.
Just as fascinating are the revelations the
St. Augustine excavations have provided concerning the lives of African slaves in La Florida. Jane Landers, a historian at the University of Florida, has recently reminded
us that African labor played an important
role in early colonization, for indigenous
populations were soon decimated, and there
was not enough European manpower. By
1534, Africans, imported to replace native
workers, outnumbered Europeans on Puerto
Rico. In St. Augustine, historical records
tell us, slaves hunted, trapped, fished, and
labored on churches and other public buildings. They were a critical component in the
economic structure of La Florida. By 1738,
Spanish Governor Manuel de Mondano had
established Gracia Real de Santa Teresa
de Mose, a free African-American community, about two miles north of St. Augustine. Mose flourished until 1763, when the
British took over La Florida, and its inhabitants, with other members of the local community, withdrew to Cuba. Mose at one
point consisted of a walled fort, a large
church, a priest's house, and 22 thatched
houses. Kathleen Deagan and her colleagues
have uncovered the foundations of the town
fort and its moat, along with several interior structures. As excavations continue,
the team hopes to use artifacts found in
cultural patthe settlement to study
thp
terns at Mose, and to learn something of
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1990 - Contents
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