Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - 97
the first light of the morning sun touched
the upper surface of the great rock outcropping, carved shapes slowly disentangled
themselves from the nicks and shadows on
As
the reddish-gold stone. I began to recognize the images
of large figures - frontal bird-women with small heads
and arms, feathered fringes, and skirts like the spread
tail-feathers of an eagle. Strange and compelling, these
images seemed to have been deliberately carved to engage the early morning sunlight. Cutting across the body
of one of the bird-women was the head of a superbly
realistic stag. Human figures carrying staffs and wearing mushroom-shaped headdresses were posed in an
eternal ritual dance. Bulls, bull-deer with elaborately
embroidered bodies, wild goats and sheep, horses, a
hand, and even a boat gradually emerged from the
shadows of the stone. This was a place that had been
established millennia ago as a sanctuary and was reconsecrated again and again by successive generations with
hundreds of overlaid images. Slowly climbing the slope,
moving from rock to rock, I was impressed by the
rugged beauty of the setting and by the realization that
here before me were symbolic forms representing thousands of years of mythic traditions.
The site was that of Kalbak-Tash, a great outcropping high above the Chuya River near its confluence
with the Katun, in the southern half of the Soviet
Union's Gorno-Altay, a land of high mountains, severe
beauty, and ancient human history. It is an area that
appears to be sparsely settled and devoid of any trace
of ancient cities or fortified settlements. In actuality,
this land of rocky peaks and rivers has been a cultural
crossroads for thousands of years. Its mountain passes
and valleys have served as routes out of the steppe of
Kazakhstan northward to the taiga, the spruce and fir
forest typical of Siberia, and eastward to the rich grasslands of northern Mongolia. One could argue that the
significance of the Gorno-Altay lies in its paradoxical
nature: historically the range served both as barrier and
as passage. At times harsh and forbidding, it also offered
endless pasture for livestock and protected valleys for
settlements.
I was there to work with the Soviet archaeologist
Vladimir Kubarev from the Academy of Science's Institute of History, Philology, and Philosophy in Novosibirsk. We were examining various sites as an initial
step in a collaborative project on the archaeological
sanctuaries, sviatilishchain Russian, of the northern
Altay. Such sanctuaries are found throughout Siberia.
Identified by rock paintings and carvings, ritual altars
or mounds, burials, or carved stelae - all are distinguished by the presence of overlaid images or structures. The landscape of such sites is also distinguished
in some way- by its relationship to high mountain
ridges, its particular command of a great valley, its
close proximity to a river, or even the way in which it
is illuminated by the rising or setting sun. It is impossible to say which came first - the ancient determination
that a particular place was sanctified because of its sur48 Archaeology
Figures with sun-crested heads adorn a slab that was part of a coffin
rounding landscape, or that, once marked, the place
became sacrosanct and hence used for millennia, even
when adjoining terraces or cliffs would have been just
as practical.
I joined forces with Kubarev because he is an archaeologist and I am an art historian; the combination of
our experience seemed right for the project. We are investigating the sanctuaries of the southern Gorno-Altay
so we can understand how their cultural layers are related and whether there are recurring patterns in their
relationship to the larger landscape. Kubarev has excavated and published material on some of the most remarkable Altaic sites of the Eneolithic, Bronze, and
Early Iron ages. My research has focused on the sym-
J
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Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - September/October 1991 - 4
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