Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - 109
Replicating
The
Ships
of
w
Columbus
by Roger
the tall ships of Operation Sail glide
into New York Harbor on July 4, they will
be led by replicas of Niña , Pinta, and Santa
When
Maria. The Spanish-built vessels, which retraced the
route taken by Columbus 500 years ago, are being welcomed by thousands of enthusiastic visitors in the major
ports of the eastern United States. But this is not the
first time that replicas of Columbus's ships have been
built and sailed, and is probably not the last.
In the years prior to the Spanish American War,
Spain and the United States celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage by building replicas
of all three of his ships. The idea was conceived in 1891
by William E. Curtis, an American journalist serving as
chief of the State Department's Latin American bureau
in Madrid. Spanish officials, including Queen Maria
Cristina, favored Curtis's proposal to reconstruct the
famous ships and to sail them across the Atlantic to the
1892 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The
Spanish government agreed to build Santa Maria if the
United States would provide Niña and Pinta. Within six
months a Spanish Commission produced plans for a
full-scale SantaMaria. She was launched just 63 days after her keel was laid. Every attempt was made to fit her
out with authentic details - cannon and personal arms
were reproduced from examples in museums, and the
master's cabin was decorated with fifteenth-century furniture. In addition, modern conveniences such as a
steering wheel, toilets, and a galley were added to make
the voyage more comfortable, and copper sheathing was
put on her hull to discourage marine growth.
Meanwhile, work on both Niña and Pinta was fraught
with complications. Although the project had been undertaken with enthusiasm by the Secretary of the Navy,
who had assigned it to Lieutenant William McCarty
Little, Congress initially failed to make an appropriation
for the project, making it necessary to solicit private
funds. The lowest of six bids from Spanish shipyards was
38 Archaeology
C.
Smith
accepted, however the bid included neither ordnance
nor hardware. Given the constraints on time and money,
the wooden hulks of two derelict ships were used as the
basis for the replica hulls. Niña , the first of the two ships
to be completed, was launched on August 28, 1892.
Work on Pinta was finished that September.
Spanish celebrations of the 400th anniversary included plans for a gala review of the three ships on ,
October 12 at Huelva, near Palos, where Columbus had
begun his first voyage. On July 29, SantaMaria II set sail
for Palos and the festivities. Meanwhile in Barcelona,
Lieutenant Little was experiencing problems with his
caravels. A Board of Inspection found Pinta to be incomplete and was "unable to determine whether the bottom
of the caravel is of solid construction as it is covered with
cement." The board found problems with Niña as well;
she was "absolutely unmanageable under sail, and she
could, under no circumstances, be kept off the winds
sufficiently to fill her sails." In the interest of time, the
caravels were towed through Gibraltar for the review at
Huelva with the help of U.S.S. Bennington.Festivities
went according to plan, aside from a squabble over
whether the American-manned Niña and Pinta should
have had Spanish naval crews. A report that Spanish
sailors attempted to board Niña by force, revolvers
drawn, was quickly quieted.
Despite extensive refitting, it became clear that
neither Niña nor Pinta could cross the Atlantic on its
own. Such was not the case with SantaMaria II, which set
sail for America on February 6, 1893, via the Canary Islands. Her voyage was complicated by heavy weather,
during which she violently rolled and pitched, and
tended to veer as much as 90° off course. Nonetheless,
SantaMaria ITs crossing to Puerto Rico took one day less
than Columbus's crossing to San Salvador.
Niña and Pinta were towed across the Atlantic by
U.S.S. Benningtonand U.S.S. Newark. After a brief stop at
San Salvador in the Bahamas, they joined SantaMaria II
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Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - 4
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Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 1992 - Cover4
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