Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 107
perts Philippe Marquis, a Parisian urban archaeologist,
and Jean-Paul Thalmann, head of the Institut Français
d'Archéologie du Proche Orient (IFAPO) excavation at
Tell Arqa in northern Lebanon. Schofiels presence had
been vetoed. Even though I had helped Zouain find
Marquis to replace Schofield, and even though François
Villeneuve, IFAPO's director, insisted that I be allowed
to participate, I was excluded from this crucial meeting.
The gathering produced a plan that divided archaeological intervention into three parts: Phase 1 would consist of
a few diagnostic test excavations, the gathering of
archival data, and the development of an overall plan.
Phase 2 would include the extensive archaeological excavation of 47,840 square yards east and west of Martyrs'
Square. Phase 3 was concerned with areas affected by
the infrastructure work (the installation of sewer and water lines, utilities, roads, and parking facilities). In these
areas only rescue archaeology would take place; in other
words, bulldozers would be monitored by archaeologists.
This program was to be managed by UNESCO, not, as
required by Lebanese law, by the Department of Antiquities, and funded by a SI million grant from the Hariri
Foundation, not by the state or the developers as is normal practice in urban archaeology.
In November 1992 Hariri became prime minister. In
May 1993 he signed an agreement with UNESCO's secretary general Federico Mayor in which this minimalist
program was further curtailed, restricting the application
of Phase 2 to the 23,920 yards of Eddé's plan. Still hoping to reverse the trend, in July 1993 I organized, in collaboration with Mohammad Kabbani, a member of Parliament, a one-day workshop on Beirut's archaeological
heritage that was attended by government officials and
members of the public. My plea to upgrade Phase 3- to
provide more time for excavation and adequate funding
from SOLIDERE to hire qualified urban archaeologists
and train Lebanese ones- fell on deaf ears. Precious time
was lost in UNESCO's bureaucratic maze, and Phase 1
test excavations did not begin until mid-October 1993.
Three small teams from the American University, University of Lebanon, and IFAPO were involved. Their efforts, limited to little more than a month in 1993, could
not resume before June 1994 because of bureaucratic
wrangling within UNESCO and between UNESCO and
CDR. Meanwhile UNESCO had secured the part-time
assistance of Thalman and three urban archaeologists,
Schofield, Marquis, and Pierre Masson, but, instead of
employing them as experts and heeding their advice,
they were used on an alternating basis as project administrators, a task for which they were utterly unprepared.
Meanwhile we were reaching a point of no return.
Michel Eddé (no relation to Henri Eddé), who had become minister of higher education and culture in 1992,
had not hired a single archaeologist at the Department of
Antiquities. Ralph Tochtermann, director of UNESCO's
Human Settlement Department and manager of its archaeological program in Beirut, had declared publicly in
March 1994 that in Beirut's rescue archaeology program
"archaeologists would follow the bulldozers." Neither the
final Master Plan, approved that month by the government, nor the scheduling of the infrastructure work,
planned by SOLIDERE to start in 1995, had taken archaeology into consideration. During the winter of 1994,
in two articles published in the two main Arabic dailies, I
warned that unless drastic measures were taken soon
Beirut's archaeological heritage would be thrown into the
sea. Though they were fully aware of the problem, none
of those participating in the archaeology program Though only 25 percent of
the area had been excavated, the old souks were bulldozed to make wayfor a
four-storey underground
parking garage. Only two
small areas wére spared,
the spur on which a Mamluk shrine is located, center
left, and a small portion of
a Phoenician neighborhood
(foreground). Overlooking
the western edge of the ancient harbor, the old souks
had been inhabitedfor
more than 26 centuries.
;
'iU
X
u<
_)
3
July/August
1996
53
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 6
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - 8
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Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 1996 - Cover4
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