Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 105

In addition to details about reading literary quipus,
the document discusses events and people associated with
the Spanish conquest of Peru. It includes the incredible
claims that Francisco Pizarro conquered the region after
poisoning Inka generals with arsenic-tainted wine and
that the chronicler Guamán Poma de Ayala, author of
one of the most important works on Inka Peru, the Nueva
Coránica
y Buen Gobierno(MewChronicleand GoodGovernment),
merely lent his name to a work actually written by
Valera. Of particular interest is the text's abundant biographical information on Valera, about whom little is
known and wfiose writings are known only from the
works of others.
The following is a synopsis of the manuscript's contents and purported history:
Peru, 1610 (?): Father Joan Antonio Cumis begins
drafting the document, writing a few pages in Latin. He
tells of the censorship to which Valera was subjected by
the Jesuits and of the destruction of nearly all of his writings, many of which were critical of Jesuit policies in
Peru. According to Cumis some of these were saved, and
later given to a noble of Inka descent by Valera.
I am çonvincedthat the news that I am about to put down on
recordwill remain a memorablemomentfor the Peruvianpeople,
news that was reportedto me by theformer curaca Mayachac
. Azuay upon his arrival at Cuzco, when the conquistadores
were
[the Inka leader]TupacAmaru [in 1572], This curaca
executing
[a memberof the Inka nobilitywho oversawthe affairs of his lineagegroup]providedme with a lot of interestinginformation
particularly about the half-breedFather Blas Valera, whom he had
knownpersonally
. This old and noblecuraca knewBias Votera,
who had beena defenderand spiritualguide of his people,but the
him becausehe tooksidesagainstthe Spaniardswho
friars contested
torturedthe nativeQuechuain orderto obtain theirgold..,. Father
Valeradid not acceptthoseamongthepriestswho had the name of
Christin theirmouthsbut not in theirhearts. ...
An explanation of the Quechua language follows,
including a grammar and two Inka prayers. The most
complete description of the literary quipu is in this part
of the text:
I visited...archivesfor thosequipus that tell the true story of the
Inkapeopleand that are hiddenfrom commoners.
Thesequipusdiffer from those usedfor calculationsas they have elaboratesymbols...which hang downfrom the main string.... These royal
quipusdo not existanymore;theywereburnedby the Spaniardsout
and by manypriests....
of ignorance,
The scarcenessof the wordsand the possibilityof changingthe
same term usingparticlesand suffixesto obtain differentmeanings
allow themto realizea spellingbookwith neitherpaper; nor ink,
norpens.... [The] curaca emphasizedthat this quipu is basedby
its natureon the scarcenessof words, and its composition
key and
its reading key lie in its syllabic division.... [The] curaca
explained,cTfyoudividethe wordPachacamac [the Inka deityof
earthand time]into syllablesPa-cha-ca-mac, you havefour syl-

52

lables. If you... want to indicate the word 'time,' pacha in
Quechua,it will be necessaryto make two symbols[in the quipu]
Pachacamac - one of themwith a littleknot to indirepresenting
cale thefirst syllable,the otherwith two knotsto indicatethe second
syllable."... [The curacaj listed the main key words with an
explanationof how to realizethemin quipus.
Cumis supplies a brief list of word keys and their
quipu equivalents. His text concludes with the initials
JAC and an illegible date, possibly 16L0.
Peru, 1637-1638: Joan Anello Oliva comes into possession of the document, adding on July 30, 1637, and on
May 7, 1638, texts in numerically ciphered Italian. By
writing in code, says Oliva, he was free to express his
thoughts on the conquest and the work of the missionaries in Peru. On matters of the quipu, Oliva tells us that
he was aided by an Indian, a quipucamayocor quipureader, named Chahuarurac.
Oliva gives definitions for symbols known as tocapu
that appear in many Inka weavings. ^There is also a
strange diagram of black and white lines and balls, which
Oliva labels the "Quipu of Acatanga." Beside it are
detailed instructions for reading it:
Quipucamayoc Chahuaruracreconstructedon^paper, with the
skill of his colonizedhands, the.. .quipu that I discovered
incomplete
in. . .Acatanga'shuaca [shrine]m [Boliviain] 1627. He himself
specifiedthat this quipu was woven by some huacacamayoc
[shrine keeper]using a tittle loom in theyears beforePizarro's
arrival.Becauseof its roughnessandfor beinga reticof its people,
it was verydifficulttofind a quipulikethis containingSumacNusta's song. When I saw Chahuarurac's uncertain drawings, I
remembered
othersthai Valera.. .had givenme.
According to Oliva, stanzas from the Inka poem
Sumac Mista (.BeautifulPrincess)were recorded both on a
wool quipu fragment he found in Bolivia and in the
drawings given him by Valera, both of which he
enclosed in the manuscript.
Much of Oliva's text is devoted to biographical information about Valera, who was the son of an Inka
woman and Alonso Valera, Pizarro's captain. Oliva
describes in great detail Valerá's early life; his falling-out
with the head of the Jesuit order, General Aquaviva,
over the conduct of missionaries in Peru; and his reassignment to Spain, where he was thought to have died
around 1596.
According to Oliva, however, Valera did not die at
that time:
I methim in the springof 1611 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra,when,
accordingto the [Jesuits],he shouldhavebeenofficiallydead.In the
mission'scourtyardwere assembledthe Indians to whom I was
devotingall of my strength.Thereuponmy eyeswerecapturedby the
half-breedwith while hair that I considereda new memberof the
group. I will tell immediatelythat the old man [greeted]me with
our saying"For thegreatestGloryof God"[in Latin]. The Indians

Archaeology



Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996

Contents
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - 6
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Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - November/December 1996 - Cover4
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