Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 71
ology and quickly refilled so the project could continue
leaves such questions unanswered.
In 1994, elsewhere in Nazlet es-Samman, a large stone
wall was found 1,600 feet east of the Khufu valley temple
during construction of new apartment buildings on Zaghloul Street. Toward the south side of the lot the builders
scooped out the wall's limestone and basalt blocks and
poured a cement foundation before antiquities inspectors
were notified. A long segment of the wall spared from construction has a 13-foot-thick limestone foundation. While it
is generally straight, neither side is finished with a straight
edge or flat face. This is the foundation for a wall that rose
with inclined sides of basalt and limestone slabs encasing a
core of packed limestone chips. About 50 feet above sea
level, the foundation is at a level corresponding with the base of the Wall of the
Crow and the basalt blocks of the Khufu
valley temple.
Two years earlier, in 1992, Michael
Jones documented parts of basalt and
limestone walls in the sewage trench along
Zaghloul Street, about 820 feet south and
656 feet north of the long stretch of wall
in the building lot. These could belong to
parts of the wall running east-west, perpendicular to the north-south stretch, the
whole perhaps forming a rectangular enclosure.
The wall must be considered in relation
to two conflicting views of the ancient
z
i landscape along the foot of the Giza
ì Plateau. These views are crucial to underthe size of the settlement underi standing
the
modern town. Settlement
neath
Onebuildingsouth of the Wall of the Crow, perhaps a storage facility, had two rows
observed in the sewage
were
deposits
rubble
and
the
Menkaure.
of
tafia pedestals. Sealingsfound nearby mention pharaoh
trenches or indicated in core drillings over
494 acres. Could this immense area have been entirely
suburb with a population of 300,000. The system required
73 core samples to test subsurface conditions for a network
covered with housing? Or was much of the land taken up
of sewage-pipe trenches (notably one along the Manby waterways, flood basins, or desert-edge lakes that might
have served as harbors for the three pyramid complexes?
souriyah Canal, which runs through the town's center) to be
One approach to reconstructing the ancient landscape
dug into the valley floor east of the Sphinx and pyramids.
As expected, ancient remains were encountered, includbegins with the assumptions that the massive amounts of
ing the causeway of the Khufu pyramid complex, and
building materials used in constructing the pyramids were
basalt slabs probably from Khufu's valley temple, which
brought close to the plateau on waterways and that the
had not previously been located. The work, monitored by
completed pyramid complexes had harbors located at the
front of their valley temples. In 1995 and 1996 the Giza
Michael Jones and members of the Inspectorate of Antiquities at Giza, revealed a continuous layer of mud-brick
Inspectorate cleared the area in front of the Khafre valley
buildings starting about 165 feet south of the Khufu valley
temple, revealing evidence that there had been such a harbor. The lower ends of two ramps leading to the temple
temple and extending about one mile to the south. Among
the artifacts are thousands of fragments of everyday potare pocked with small dishlike depressions that may have
been caused by water erosion. Tunnels run beneath each
tery, bread molds, cooking pots, beer jars, and trays for
of the two ramps, and under the southern ramp there is a
sifting grain and flour. Medium to large pieces of charcoal
well shaft, still covered by a limestone slab with holes for
suggest that trees once grew here. East of the south side of
the Khufu pyramid the Mansouriyah Canal trench cut
lifting ropes, that even today holds groundwater. The tunnels were originally framed by mud-brick walls that formed
through limestone-lined mud-brick walls of a building more
than 300 feet long. Was this a palace? Unfortunately the
a channel. If water rose to the bottom of the ramps during
section view of a sewage trench - less than ideal for archaethe Nile's annual flood, it might have filled the channel
from the bakery discard deposit was inscribed with this
term. We began to think that we were excavating royal institutions, perhaps a Wabet and a Per Shena. The period is
Menkaure, judging from numerous seal impressions that
bear his name. As yet, however, we had no direct evidence
that these were part of the workers' support facilities. And
we were still left with the question, where are the residential areas?
In the past century there were only a few scattered villages along the foot of the Giza plateau, the closest being
Nazlet es-Samman, only 800 feet from the Sphinx. Since
then Cairo has expanded to the foot of the plateau. In the
late 1980s construction began on a sewage system for the
entire Cairo west bank, including Nazlet es-Samman, now a
January/February
1997
35
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997
Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 4
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 6
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 8
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 9
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Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 13
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Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover4
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