Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 129

the

Unearthing
A controversial
evolution

Human

Mind

new work tackles the

of our cognitive abilities.
By April Nowell

The Prehistory of the Mind: The
Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion
and Science. Steven Mithen. 288
pages. New York: Thames & Hudson,
1996. $27.50. ISBN 0-500-05081-3.
"Why ask an archaeologist about the
human mind?" inquires Steve Mithen
at the outset of his exploration of human prehistory. It is a reasonable
question to ask. Archaeologists describe artifacts and make inferences
about social organization and migration patterns, among other things,
but can they really tell us anything
about human cognitive abilities?
At one time the whole idea of archaeologists investigating the origin
and evolution of the human mind was
considered absurd. In the early 1960s
processualism, also known as the New
Archaeology, dominated the field. Its
proponents emphasized the need for
rigorous scientific testing, innovative
methodology, and a move away from
the mere description of artifacts to an
of culture change.
understanding
Lewis Binford, champion of the New
Archaeology, believed that archaeologists could reconstruct a prehistoric
culture's technology, social organization, and ideology (its religion, political structure, etc.) but considered psyfor
chological factors irrelevant
understanding how humans adapted
to their environment and how cultures
changed. He labeled attempts to understand the human mind in prehistory "paleopsychology."
In the late 1960s and into the
1970s different archaeological schools
of thought - Marxists, materialists,
neoevolutionists, and structuralists
debated whether or not the human
mind could be studied through the archaeological record and if so, how.
64

The structuralists, in particular, were
interested in how the mind organizes
information. They believed that the
mind creates dichotomies- for example, male-female and culture-nature
and that such thought patterns could
be studied through artifacts. For them,
the mind was of primary importance.
Since the 1980s human cognitive
abilities have become an increasingly
accepted area of archaeological research. Studies that can loosely be
termed "cognitive archaeology" fall
into two main categories. The first is
concerned with the origins and development of the human mind, how human intelligence differs from that of
other primates, and how language and
symbolic culture evolved. The time
encompassed by this research begins 6
million years ago, with the appearance
of our first human ancestors, ending
around 10,000 years ago with the rise
of agriculture, which has traditionally
signaled the close of the Palaeolithic.
Studies range from analyzing cave
paintings, to exploring what stone
tools can tell us about early human
mental abilities, to looking for evidence of language, increased memory,
and information exchange between
groups. The challenge here is to draw
information from a number of disciplines archaeology, psychology, primatology, and biology and integrate
these data and perspectives to form
coherent explanations.
The second group of studies focuses on the religion, iconography, and
ideology of cultures from 10,000 years
ago to the present using sources such
as historical records and ethnographic
accounts. For many of the researchers
who conduct this type of study, cognitive archaeology is a supplement to
standard lines of archaeological invesArchaeology



Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997

Contents
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1997 - Contents
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