Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 48
The Cult of Amun
In the epic rivalry between ancient Egypt and Nubia,
one god had enduring appeal
I
N ITS 3,000ĥ<($5 +,6725< as a state, ancient
Egypt had a complicated, constantly changĥ
ing set of relations with neighboring powers.
With the Libyans to the west and the Babyĥ
lonians, Hittites, Assyrians, and Persians to
the northeast, Egypt by turns waged war,
IRUJHGWUHDWLHVDQGHQJDJHGLQPXWXDOO\EHQH¿FLDO
trade. But Egypt's most important and enduring
relationship was, arguably, with its neighbor to the
south, Nubia, which occupied a region that is now
in Sudan. The two cultures were connected by the
1LOH5LYHUZKRVHDQQXDOÀRRGLQJPDGHFLYLOL]DWLRQ
possible in an otherwise harsh desert environment.
Through their shared history, Egyptians and Nubians
also came to worship the same chief god, Amun, who
was closely allied with kingship and played an imporĥ
WDQWUROHDVWKHWZRFLYLOL]DWLRQVYLHGIRUVXSUHPDF\
During its Middle and New Kingdoms, which
spanned the second millennium B.C., Egypt pushed its
way into Nubia, ultimately conquering and making it
a colonial province. The Egyptians were drawn by the
land's rich store of natural resources, including ebony,
ivory, animal skins, and, most importantly, gold. As
they expanded their control of Nubia, the Egyptians
built a number of temples to Amun, the largest
of which stood at the foot of a holy mountain
called Jebel Barkal. This the Egyptians declared
to be the god's southern home, thereby concepĥ
WXDOL]LQJ (J\SW DQG 1XELD DV D XQL¿HG ZKROH
and justifying their rule of both. After Egypt's
New Kingdom collapsed around 1069 B.C., the
kingdom of Kush rose in Nubia, with its court
based in Napata, the town adjacent to Jebel
%DUNDO7KH(J\SWLDQFRORQL]HUVPD\KDYH
been gone, but their religious legacy lived
Fragments of a statue found at a
1st-century site bear faint traces of
a ram's head (right) and may depict
the god Amun.
by Daniel Weiss
on, as the Kushite rulers were by this time fervently
devoted to Amun. Just as the Egyptians had used the
god to validate their conquest of Nubia, the Kushites
now returned the favor. During a period of discord
LQ(J\SWWKH.XVKLWHNLQJ3L\H¿UVWVHFXUHG$PXQ¶V
northern home, in Karnak, Egypt. Then, claiming
WRDFWRQWKHJRG¶VEHKDOIWRUHVWRUHXQL¿HGFRQWURO
of Nubia and Egypt, he conquered the rest of Egypt
and, in 728 B.C.EHFDPHWKH¿UVWLQDOLQHRI.XVKLWH
pharaohs who ruled Egypt for around 70 years.
7KHFXOWRI$PXQUHPDLQHGFHQWUDOWRUHOLJLRQħ
DQG SROLWLFVħLQ 1XELD IRU FHQWXULHV WR FRPH7KLV
KDVEHHQLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKH¿QGLQJVRIDQH[FDYDWLRQ
in Dangeil, a royal Kushite town on the banks of the
Nile south of Napata. The excavation, which has been
carried out since 2000 with support from Sudan's
National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums,
the British Museum, and the Nubian Archaeological
'HYHORSPHQW2UJDQL]DWLRQĪ4DWDUĥ6XGDQīKDVWXUQHG
up evidence of what may have been a series of temples
to Amun that stood on the same location for around a
WKRXVDQG\HDUVLQDOOħIURPWKHSHULRGZKHQ.XVKLWH
SKDUDRKVUXOHG(J\SWWRWKH¿UVWIHZFHQWXULHV$',
ZKHQ .XVKLWH FLYLOL]DWLRQ HQWHUHG D QHZ
golden age and Egypt served as a Roman
colony.
A
'$1*(,/ $5&+$(2/2*,676
have found fragments of statĥ
ues of at least three Kushite
kings who ruled during the sixth and
seventh centuries B.C., along with eviĥ
dence of a monumental structure they
believe might have been a temple to
Amun dating to the same period. The
earliest of these kings is Taharqo, one
of the Kushite pharaohs, who ruled
Nubia and Egypt from 690 to 664
B.C. Intact, Taharqo's statue would have
stood almost nine feet tall. Inscribed on a
7
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Contents
Editor’s Letter
From the President
Letters
From the Trenches
World Roundup
The Minoans of Crete
Ghosts of the Golden Gate
When in Rome
Mysteries of the Brotherhood
The Cult of Amun
Letter From Hawaii
Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 3
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Editor’s Letter
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - From the President
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Letters
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - From the Trenches
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 20
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 22
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 24
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - World Roundup
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - The Minoans of Crete
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 32
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Ghosts of the Golden Gate
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 38
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - When in Rome
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Mysteries of the Brotherhood
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 44
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - The Cult of Amun
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 51
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Letter From Hawaii
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 55
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 57
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Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 71
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover4
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