Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 60
and Hawaii. Rats traveled extensively
with Polynesians as well, but they could
KRSERDWVEDFNDQGIRUWKWRGLɱHUHQW
LVODQGVPDNLQJWKHPGLɷFXOWWRWUDFN
says Cooper. Pigs and dogs, apparently,
did not make it to some outposts, such
as Easter Island.
The mud of Makauwahi Cave has
also preserved the residue of charcoal
that blew into the cave and settled
into the muck. Radiocarbon dating of
the samples suggests that charcoal is
a rare occurrence until A.D. 1200. Its
sudden appearance is another marker
for human occupation and activity as
SHRSOHEHJDQWREXUQRɱIROLDJHWR
plant taro and other staĥ
ples. Cores taken from
DQFLHQWVWRQHĥOLQHG¿VKĥ
ponds on the island produced
charcoal that provides comparable
GDWHVFOHDUVLJQVDQGSRVVLEOHFRQ¿UPDĥ
tion that humans arrived a good deal
ODWHUħDVPXFKDV800\HDUVODWHUħWKDQ
many historians had thought.
In the same levels as the chicken
bones, the Burneys discovered large
TXDQWLWLHVRI¿VKKRRNVPDGHIURP
ERQHDQGPRWKHUĥRIĥSHDUODQGWKHVKHOOV
of 16GLɱHUHQWNLQGVRIPROOXVNV7KHVH
artifacts are evidence of the earliest
stages of ancient Hawaiian culture.
B
urning was only one way in
which the new settlers transĥ
formed KauaiÕs landscape.
Along with the rats, insects, such as
ants, stowed away on their canoes. The
combination of human activity and
changes wrought by the animals and
SODQWVWKH\EURXJKWPDNHVLWGLɷFXOW
to imagine the islandÕs environment
as it existed before people arrived,
but the cave is providing proof that it
ZDVRQFHUDGLFDOO\GLɱHUHQW6WDQGLQJ
almost at the bottom of the ladder,
Burney says that bones, seeds, and
other organic material embedded in
the mud around us are below the level
of the PolynesiansÕ appearance on the
island, predating their arrival.
The BurneysÕ work suggests that,
LQFRQWUDVWWRWKHZHHG\¿HOGVZKHUH
sugarcane was long cultivated, the area
around the sinkhole was wooded, domĥ
60
A rat tooth (left) and others like it recovered from the cave provide some
of the earliest dated evidence for the presence of mammals brought by
colonists to Hawaii. Paleoentomologist Nick Porch (above) identifies
fossil insects from Makauwahi Cave.
inated by a species of small
palm. The trade winds blew
birds to the island chain, and
though these ancient Hawaiĥ
ian birds had no predators,
being blown back to sea meant certain
death. Wings, therefore, constituted a
ULVNIRUODUJHUELUGVDQGWKXVÀLJKWOHVV
species arose. More than 50 species of
¿QFKHVKRSSHGWKURXJKWKHIRUHVWV
each adapted to a tiny ecological niche.
Two sorts of small birds called rails
crept along the ground looking for the
eggs of other species to snag. The only
mammals on the island before humans
DUULYHGZHUHVPDOOEDWV$YLDQV¿OOHG
the ecological niches that elsewhere
were occupied by grazing animals such
as wild sheep and cattle, which could
not survive the long journey across the
ocean. ÒThe mallard duck gets here and
suddenly grows 10 times as large, stops
À\LQJGHYHORSVDEHDNOLNHDWRUWRLVH
and goes out and eats the vegetation,Ó
Burney says, gesturing up through the
hole. ÒItÕs a laboratory of evolution.Ó
The islandÕs most fearsome predaĥ
WRUZDVDW\SHRIORQJĥOHJJHGRZOWKDW
FDXJKWZKDWÀ\LQJELUGVWKHUHZHUHLQ
PLGĥDLUGXULQJWKHGD\ħWKHUHZHUHQR
QRFWXUQDOURGHQWVWRHDWħDQGSLHUFHG
their skulls with pincer claws. ÒY
ou
can tell by the holes in the skulls of the
victims,Ó says Burney. By now we are
standing at the bottom of one of the
excavation trenches with cool muck risĥ
ing halfway to our knees.
Eventually we climb back up, passĥ
ing the centuries as we go. When we
emerge from the pit, BurneyÕs legs are
caked in the black ooze and his black
helmet is spotted with dried dirt. He
ambles over to the volunteers sorting
through the mud using garden hoses
DQGUHFWDQJXODUER[HVZLWKRQHĥVL[ĥ
WHHQWKĥLQFKPHVK³'RQ¶WVDYHHYHU\
last little snail, but every bird bone
and every seed we want to keep,Ó
he says to one woman. ÒThe biggest
problem is that people try to screen
too much at once,Ó he explains. ÒJust
keep it to a double handful so you
donÕt miss anything.Ó
A
rchaeologists have long susĥ
pected that the arrival of
humans on Hawaii spelled
doom for innumerable plant and animal
īFRQWLQXHGRQSDJH66Ĭ
ARCHAEOLOGY * May/June 2015
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Contents
Editor’s Letter
From the President
Letters
From the Trenches
World Roundup
The Minoans of Crete
Ghosts of the Golden Gate
When in Rome
Mysteries of the Brotherhood
The Cult of Amun
Letter From Hawaii
Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 3
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Editor’s Letter
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - From the President
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Letters
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - From the Trenches
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 20
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 22
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 24
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - World Roundup
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - The Minoans of Crete
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 32
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Ghosts of the Golden Gate
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 38
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - When in Rome
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Mysteries of the Brotherhood
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 44
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - The Cult of Amun
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 51
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Letter From Hawaii
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 55
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 57
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 58
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 59
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 60
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 61
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 62
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 63
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 64
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 65
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 66
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 67
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 68
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 69
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 70
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - 71
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - May/June 2015 - Cover4
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