Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 57

return. Interestingly, Creighton's team
also discovered that far fewer hoards
from this period have been unearthed
in the royalist southeast, hinting that a
more peaceful atmosphere prevailed in
this area and suggesting that only parts
of the country were caught in the grip
of political instability.
While the coin hoards and some of
the team's other results have uncovered deep scars left on the landscape
by this period of turmoil, other results
paint a more nuanced picture of what
it was like to live through these troubled times. In particular, the mighty
Norman castles and the newer "counter castles" rising around the country
during these two decades offer a look
into how the rise of siege warfare during the Anarchy began to change the
nature of medieval conflict. Investigation of these fortresses shows how
commanders sought to avoid largescale clashes of arms and relied more
on long-term standoffs that could be
resolved through political negotiation,
a strategy at odds with the imagery of
an utterly anarchic period in history.

E

ven though the majority of the
stonework at Wallingford Castle
has long since been pillaged, the
sheer volume of earthworks remaining
gives a strong sense of how imposing
the castle would have been. Covering an area of more than 26 acres, the
structure was protected by the stone
walls of its inner and outer baileys,
or courtyards, each paired with a
vast water-filled ditch. These ditches,
which in Stephen's day would have
been 20 feet deep, still demarcate the
area today, and their path reveals the
circuitous entrance route that would
have led to a huge fortified gatehouse.
At the center of the complex lies a
massive motte, or raised earthwork,
measuring 40 feet high and 200 feet
across-a backbreaking amount of soil
to have shifted by hand. A small plateau at the top of the motte still offers
a commanding view of the surrounding
archaeology.org

During the Anarchy, some nobles issued
royal coinage in the name of Matilda
(top) and others did so in the name of
Stephen (above), a sign of the political
instability of the time.

landscape. During the twelfth century,
this vantage point allowed Wallingford
Castle to control a nearby bridge and
ford across the Thames that served as
the sole gateway to the strategically
vital upper Thames region, which was
the heartland of English kingship.
After conflict broke out between Stephen and Matilda, the castle became
a crucial stronghold. Unfortunately
for Stephen, Wallingford was held by
Brien fitz Count, a firm supporter of
Empress Matilda.
In fact, Wallingford Castle
became a vital refuge for Matilda. She
fled here in the winter of 1142, after a
dramatic nighttime escape from the
besieged Oxford Castle. More than

70 years after the event, the monk
and chronicler Matthew Paris wrote
a-possibly fanciful-account of her
journey to Wallingford, saying, "With
womanly guile, when the Thames was
frozen and white with snow, clad in
white cloaks she and several companions escaped secretly by night from
the castle through a postern, unseen
by sentries or patrols because of
similarity between the white of the
snow and their clothes. Thus she fled
unseen that night to Brien fitz Count
at Wallingford Castle to save herself
from the enemy."
Because of its strategic location,
Wallingford was in an almost constant
state of siege for 14 years, from 1139
to 1153. For the local population, life
during this time was harsh. "People
farming outside the town walls would
have been constantly vulnerable to
having their crops and goods taken
to feed the soldiers of either of the
warring sides," says Judy Dewey,
a local historian and curator of
Wallingford Museum.
However, life inside the castle
wasn't bad and, throughout the period,
its strong walls stood firm. "When Stephen first attacked in 1139 he intended
to besiege the castle, because the walls
were impregnable," says local historian
Philip Burton. "But he soon discovered that fitz Count had supplies to
last several years, so Stephen had to
change tack and decided to erect
counter castles to try to control the
roads into Wallingford."
There are no obvious signs of Stephen's counter castles today, but one of
them is described in the twelfth-century text of the Gesta Stephani ("The
Deeds of Stephen") as being located
on the other side of the river, directly
opposite Wallingford Castle. In 2011,
the construction of a new housing
development there provided an opportunity to explore the site.
While a commercial archaeological
team dug 13 trenches and carried out
large-scale mapping and recording,
57


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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018

Archaeology Magazine - July/august 2018
Contents
Editor’s Letter
From the President
Letters
From the Trenches
World Roundup
The City at the Beginning of the World
Westminster Abbey’s Hidden History
Haiti’s Royal Past
Paradise Changed
An Etruscan Family Story
Ancient Athens’ Other Cemetery
Letter From England
Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Archaeology Magazine - July/august 2018
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Contents
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 3
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Editor’s Letter
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - From the President
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Letters
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - From the Trenches
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 20
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 22
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - World Roundup
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - The City at the Beginning of the World
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 28
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Westminster Abbey’s Hidden History
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Haiti’s Royal Past
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 38
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 40
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Paradise Changed
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - An Etruscan Family Story
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Ancient Athens’ Other Cemetery
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 51
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 52
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Letter From England
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 57
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 59
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 60
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 61
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 62
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 63
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Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - 68
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover4
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